Abstract
The beetroot peels can be a sustainable source of betalains that can dye the wool materials through green processes based on low water and energy consumption. Green chemistry in the extraction of betalains from colored food waste/peels from red beetroot involved the use of water as a solvent, without other additives. In order for the extract obtained to be able to dye the wool, it was necessary to functionalize betalains or even the wool. Three types of sustainable functionalizations were performed, with (1) acetic acid; (2) ethanol; and (3) arginine. For each functionalization, the mechanism that can justify dyeing the wool in intense colors was elucidated. The characterization of the extract was performed with the data provided by UV-VIS and HPLC-MS analyses. The characterization of the wool dyed with the extract obtained from the red beetroot peels was possible due to the information resulting from the FTIR and CIELab analyses. The functionalizations of betalains and wool in acid environments lead to the most intense red colors. The color varies depending on the pH and the concentration of betalains.
Highlights
In order to dye the textile materials with aqueous extracts of some natural dyes, it is necessary to know the behavior in the UV-VIS field, betalains content/characteristics of the colored extract, and especially what are the betacyanin and betaxanthin components existing in the extract
The red extract obtained from beetroot peels does not generate the red color of the wool because there is no affinity between the two partners in the dye bath; betalains and wool contain the same types of functional, non-ionized groups (COOH and NH2 )
The acidic environment is responsible for the phenomena of betalains deprotonation and wool activation; strong inorganic acids do not lead to the intensifications of the red color
Summary
An important direction toward change refers to replacing the synthetic components, especially the synthetic dyes, currently used in the textile industry that are hazardous both to humans and nature. They can cause allergies, while the dyeing processes lead to polluted residual waters [1]. The solution of this problem is the use of a sustainable approach of design, based on designing or redesigning processes or systems so that their environmental, economic, and societal impact is significantly 4.0/). It involves novel ways of using biodegradable, non-hazardous raw materials, decreased water and energy consumption, and less pollution/waste [3,4,5]
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