Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important player in plant responses to cadmium (Cd) through its dual function as an antioxidant and precursor for metal-chelating phytochelatins (PCs). In addition, it was shown to be involved in cell cycle regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, but its involvement in this process in leaves is largely unknown and has never been evaluated in Cd-exposed plants. This study aimed to elucidate the role of GSH in leaf growth and development, metal chelation, nutrient homeostasis and cell cycle regulation in A. thaliana plants upon prolonged Cd exposure. Responses were compared between wild-type (WT) plants and three GSH-deficient mutants. Our results indicate that PC production remains important in plants exposed to Cd for an extended duration. Furthermore, an important role for GSH in regulating nutrient homeostasis in Cd-exposed plants was revealed. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that negative effects of Cd exposure on cell division and endoreplication were more pronounced in leaves of the GSH-deficient cadmium-sensitive 2–1 (cad2-1) mutant in comparison to the WT, indicating the involvement of GSH in cell cycle regulation. Finally, a crucial role for GSH in transcriptional activation of the Cd-induced DNA damage response (DDR) was revealed, as the Cd-induced upregulation of DDR-related genes was either less pronounced or completely abolished in leaves of the GSH-deficient mutants.
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