Abstract
Studies regarding geochemical partitioning and leaching behavior of Hofmeister ions, which is considered as a risk/causative factor for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu), are scarce. Therefore, Hofmeister ions' leaching behavior of partially weathered rocks from CKDu endemic (Girandurukotte) and non-endemic (Sewanagala) areas, Sri Lanka were compared. Rock mineralogy was analyzed using X-ray Diffraction, and total ion contents were determined using alkaline and acid digestions. Leaching experiments were conducted for powdered rocks using HCO3- rich water and deionized water (DI) to determine the kinetics of Hofmeister ion release into groundwater. Fluoride fractionation in rocks was determined through a sequential extraction. The most abundant ions in both rocks from CKDu endemic and non-endemic areas were Cl-; possibly due to carbonate and silicate minerals and Mg2+; possibly due to biotite minerals. Maximum leaching capacities of Hofmeister ions; F-, Cl-, SO42-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ were higher with HCO3- rich water compared to deionized water in both rocks from Girandurukotte (F-HCO3: 5.51mg/kg > F-DI: 2.62mg/kg) and Sewanagala (F-HCO3: 6.24mg/kg > F-DI: 3.78mg/kg). This F- variation might be due to the higher exchangeable fraction in the rock from Sewanagala (2.027mg/kg) compared to Girandurukotte (0.963mg/kg). Although, the organic matter bound F- fraction in the rock from Girandurukotte (47.62mg/kg) was higher than that of Sewanagala (31.66mg/kg). However, the cumulative effect of exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe-Mn oxide bound, and organic matter bound F- fraction in the rock from Girandurukotte was higher (52.6%) compared to Sewanagala, making F- a possible risk factor for CKDu.
Published Version
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