Abstract
The article aims to determine the main stages of teaching fine, decorative, and applied arts in the context of art education development in Ukraine, which in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was part of the Russian Empire. The methodology of the study consists of a set of methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, interdisciplinary synthesis of historical-cultural, historical-artistic, and historical-pedagogical approaches. The scientific novelty lies in generalizing comprehension of art education progressive development in Ukraine in the 19th – early 20th centuries, expanding theoretical ideas about peculiarities of the stages of teaching fine, decorative, and applied arts in the territory that was part of the Russian Empire. The study of the main trends – changes in social conditionality, requests of society for skilled handicraft and pedagogical staff of artistic and crafts profile, processes of art education formation and development of cultural-artistic trends in the field of fine, decorative, and applied arts, using a number of socio-economic, educational, cultural-artistic criteria, allowed to distinguish the stages of the process of organizing the teaching of art disciplines in the specified region of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. At the same time, the forms of connections and mutual influences formed in the course of a general historical-pedagogical process between vocational and art-crafts education and in the unity of cultural-educational and educational-artistic processes reflected in the normative-legal base of national art education development were taken into account. Analysis of research results gives an opportunity to understand the trends in national art education development in Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire in connection with the current social processes.
Highlights
The leading feature of any culture is its national identity
The following methods were used: 1) bibliographic-chronological, by which literary sources, archival materials, important legislative documents in the field of art education of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire were analyzed; 2) historical-retrospective, which made it possible to distinguish the stages of implementation of teaching art disciplines of visual arts direction in the territory of Ukraine as part of Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th centuries; 3) cultural-historical, which enabled to determine the specifics of teaching fine, decorative and applied arts in the context of art education development in the region of the studied period
The crisis of the feudal serfdom in the Russian Empire forced the tsarist government to implement the peasant reform, which was regulated by the Tsarist manifesto of February 19, 1861, “The regulations on peasants who came out of serfdom” and “The regulations on the purchase of peasants’ estates” (1861), which contributed to the rapid development of crafts in Ukraine as part of Russian Empire in various fields of fine and decorative art, which in turn required quality of specialists training (Complete Collection of Laws, vol 28. 1830-1885)
Summary
The Ukrainians, who lived in the territory that had long been part of the Russian Empire, maintained their identity, which manifested itself in the outlook of the nation. These factors, first of all, were embodied in traditional art, which was initially taught in the family, by an experienced master. The urgency and expediency of research is the need to substantiate scientifically the issue of art education development in Ukraine, to study the positive pedagogical and creative experience of previous generations in order to actualize the artistic-educational heritage of predecessors in the contemporary cultural-artistic space. It should be emphasized that the outlined problem requires careful study in the field of art education of Ukraine in such fields as history of culture, history of pedagogy, and history of art
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