ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ФАХОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙСТРІВ ХУДОЖНЬОЇ ОБРОБКИ МЕТАЛУ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ХУДОЖНЬО-РЕМІСНИЧОЇ ОСВІТИ УКРАЇНИ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of art education formation in Ukraine, the territory of which in the XIX – early XX century belonged to two empires – Russia and AustriaHungary. The paper analyzes the leading trends in the professional training of future craftsmen in Ukraine in the XIX – early XX centuries. The author focuses on the organizational and pedagogical principles of training specialists in the field of artistic metalworking. It is stated that in order to meet the demands of the society of that time for the training of highly skilled workers in the field of artistic-industrial production, with the assistance of the governments of two empires – Russian and Austro-Hungarian (which included the lands of Ukraine in the period under study) – the schools, arts and crafts schools, complementary industrial schools, courses for masters, vocational schools, such as: art blacksmithing and metalwork, artistic metalwork and boilermaking, metal, etc. were founded. The urgency and timeliness of the study are noted, because the scientific substantiation of the formation and development of domestic art education, the study of positive historical and pedagogical experience of predecessors – artists, masters and artists-teachers are undoubtedly important in training modern specialists in visual and decorative arts. The methodological basis of the study are the laws and categories of scientific knowledge, the relationship and interdependence of phenomena, historicism, system, the relationship of historical and logical, the interaction of national and universal. It is stated that development of art education in Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century was accompanied by the expansion of the system of education institutions that provided special arts and crafts education. It is found out that the leading features of the system of arts and crafts of the outlined period were: the imitative nature of the students’ activities; use of demonstrative and explanatory method of teaching techniques of future masters-craftsmen; practical training in the workshops of the institution; predominance of practical classes over theoretical training of students; internship in production; fulfillment of orders by the apprentices; dependence of the level of the educational process on the conditions created in each individual crafts education institution; lack of consistency in the process of mastering the techniques of handicrafts.