Abstract
There are different quark and gluon momentum, spin and orbital angular momentum operators used in the study of nucleon structure. We analyze the physical contents of these operators and propose a new set of operators based on gauge invariance principle, canonical quantization rule and Poincaré covariance. Atomic structure is a simpler testing ground of these operators and has been analyzed together. These new operators are the gauge invariant version of the gauge non-invariant canonical version used in physics since the establishment of quantum mechanics and reduce to the familiar canonical ones in Coulomb gauge.
Published Version
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