Abstract
The plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has attracted more and more attention because of the energy crisis and environmental pollution, which is also the main shiftable load of the residential users’ demand side management (DSM) system in the future smart grid (SG). In this paper, we employ game theory to provide an autonomous energy management system among residential users considering selling energy back to the utility company by discharging the PEV’s battery. By assuming all users are equipped with smart meters to execute automatic energy consumption scheduling (ECS) and the energy company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs relating to time and level of energy usage, we formulate an energy management game, where the players are the residential users and the strategies are their daily schedules of household appliance use. We will show that the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy management game can guarantee the global optimization in terms of minimizing the energy costs, where the depreciation cost of PEV’s battery because of discharging and selling energy back is also considered. Simulation results verify that the proposed game-theoretic approach can reduce the total energy cost and individual daily electricity payment. Moreover, since plug-in electric bicycles (PEBs) are currently widely used in China, simulation results of residential users owing household appliances and bidirectional energy trading of PEBs are also provided and discussed.
Highlights
As the operation of electric energy systems, the classic unidirectional top-down oriented power grid has gradually been transformed and upgraded to the two-way smart grid (SG)
Chemical energy carriers have been widely used currently, such as different types of batteries equipped in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) [3], they are still subjected to the range anxiety [2]
We focus on the residential energy scheduling problem in a SG system that consists of a utility company and multiple end users with PEVs
Summary
As the operation of electric energy systems, the classic unidirectional top-down oriented power grid has gradually been transformed and upgraded to the two-way smart grid (SG). In order to smooth the fluctuations of the distributed renewable energy generations, energy storage and demand side management (DSM) are widely considered in SG. DSM generally refers to such activities implemented to improve energy efficiency and reduce cost at the customer side and control the energy consumption [4]. It is designed to reduce peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and balance power supply and demand [5]. Another advantage of DSM is that it is less expensive to intelligently influence a load than to build a new power plant or install energy storage devices [6]. The main users of DSM consist of residential users, commercial users, and industrial users, optimizing residential energy consumption has emerged as a hot topic [7] because of the large number of residential customers, and we are almost ready with the developed and developing technologies related to SG, especially equipped household smart meters [8]
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