Abstract
Taking advantage of two-way communication infrastructure and bidirectional energy trading between utility companies and customers in the future smart grid (SG), autonomous energy management programs become crucial to the demand-side management (DSM). Most of the existing autonomous energy management schemes are for the scenario with a single utility company or the scenario with one-way energy trading. In this paper, an autonomous household energy management system with multiple utility companies and multiple residential customers is studied by considering the bidirectional energy trading. To minimize the overall costs of both the utility companies and the residential customers, the energy management system is formulated as a double cooperative game. That is, the interaction among the residential users is formulated as a cooperative game, where the players are the customers and the strategies are the daily schedules of their household appliances; and the interaction among the utility companies is also formulated as a cooperative game, where the players are the suppliers and the strategies are the proportions of the daily total energy they provide for the customers. Without loss of generality, the bidirectional energy trading in the double cooperative game is formulated by allowing plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to discharge and sell energy back. Two distributed algorithms will be provided to realize the global optimal performance in terms of minimizing the energy costs, which can be guaranteed at the Nash equilibriums of the formulated cooperative games. Finally, simulation results illustrated that the proposed double cooperative game can benefit both the utility companies and residential users significantly.
Highlights
Demand-side management (DSM) generally refers to such activities implemented to improve energy efficiency, to reduce cost at the customer side and to control the energy consumption [1,2]
We focus on an autonomous household energy management in an smart grid (SG) system that consists of multiple utility companies and multiple residential users with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which are allowed to discharge and sell energy back
Two situations of the utility companies are considered: “with game” and “without game”, which mean identical proportions of the three utility companies and optimized proportions based on the cooperative game, respectively; three situations of the residential users are considered: “no energy consumption scheduling (ECS)”, “ECS without discharging” and “ECS with discharging”, which mean residential users schedule their appliances at the permitted starting time αn,a without the cooperative game and the household appliances will be scheduled based on the result of the cooperative game without/with discharging electricity energy back to the grid with their EVs, respectively
Summary
Demand-side management (DSM) generally refers to such activities implemented to improve energy efficiency, to reduce cost at the customer side and to control the energy consumption [1,2]. Residents are one of the main users of DSM, and autonomous residential energy consumption scheduling (ECS) has been becoming a hot topic because a large number of residential customers have already been equipped with smart meters and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) [18,19]. PEVs, representing a significant new household load, which can store energy and sell it back to the power grid [20,21,22], provide the crucial need of appropriate load-shifting control, both for the residential users and the existing distribution system. We focus on an autonomous household energy management in an SG system that consists of multiple utility companies and multiple residential users with PEVs, which are allowed to discharge and sell energy back.
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