Abstract
This work develops a thorough review of bioimpedance systems for healthcare applications. The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues ranging from the hardware diagrams to the configurations and designs of the electrodes and from the mathematical models that describe the frequency behavior of the bioimpedance to the sources of noise and artifacts. Bioimpedance applications such as body composition assessment, impedance cardiography (ICG), transthoracic impedance pneumography, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and skin conductance are described and analyzed. A breakdown of recent advances and future challenges of bioimpedance is also performed, addressing topics such as transducers for biosensors and Lab-on-Chip technology, measurements in implantable systems, characterization of new parameters and substances, and novel bioimpedance applications.
Highlights
The continuous increase in life expectancy is contributing to an aging population and an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases [1, 2]
The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of bioimpedance fundamentals and applications and an updated record of state-of-the-art in bioimpedance technology for healthcare applications
The estimations performed by bioimpedance devices have been compared with the results obtained by the methods considered gold standard in the measurement of the body composition (deuterium oxide dilution (D2O) or tritium dilution (TrD)
Summary
The continuous increase in life expectancy is contributing to an aging population and an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases [1, 2]. The consequence is an impact on the socioeconomic structure of society in terms of increased medical expenses and health and social welfare needs This problem has driven new technological advances (sensing devices, low power electronics, wearable systems, communication technologies, etc.) to improve current healthcare systems and citizens quality of life [3]. Multiple sensorization technologies are being investigated and developed towards their application to the monitoring of the health condition, either in a clinical environment or in wearable devices for remote monitoring at the user’s home [4, 5]: heart rate variability [6], glucose level in the blood [7], blood pressure [4], temperature [8], physical activity [2], pulse oximetry [9], etc Among these technologies, bioimpedance takes a prominent place, since it allows providing an insight about the internal processes of the body in a noninvasive way [10, 11]. The result of this phenomenon is a dependence of bioimpedance values with frequency, which can provide information on the physiology and pathology of tissues and cells
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