Abstract
There are three (therefore 4 or 5) reasons that high voltage microscopes have remained viable tools for applications in both biological and materials science. Higher voltage means higher penetration with lessened effect from image degrading mechanisms, higher resolution due to decreased electron wavelength, and more (or less) damage to structure due to irradiation effects (more) or to decreased ionization cross section (less). Of the 47 high voltage instruments (V > 500kV) installed worldwide, many remain operational for at least one of these three reasons.Few existing instruments are capable of delivering all three advantages. Earlier microscopes were primarily focussed on providing increased penetration and more or less damage since the high voltage stability and objective lens designs were not optimized to provide high resolution imaging as well. Though the past requirements for fulfilling the needs of physical and biological scientists have not changed for now nor are they likely to change in the future, many of the requirements fulfilled by high voltage microscopes are now achievable using lower kV intermediate voltage instruments, and in some cases, even more ubiquitous lower kV ones.
Published Version
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