Formulation of Shampoo from Rice Bran Extract (Oryza sativa) and Essential Oil Pomelo Peel (Citrus maxima)

This report addresses the safety of cosmetic ingredients derived from rice, Oryza sativa. Oils, Fatty Acids, and Waxes: Rice Bran Oil functions in cosmetics as a conditioning agent--occlusive in 39 formulations across a wide range of product types. Rice Germ Oil is a skin-conditioning agent--occlusive in six formulations in only four product categories. Rice Bran Acid is described as a surfactant-cleansing agent, but was not in current use. Rice Bran Wax is a skin-conditioning agent--occlusive in eight formulations in five product categories. Industry did not directly report any use of Rice Bran Wax. Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax is a binder, skin-conditioning agent--occlusive, and viscosity-increasing agent--nonaqueous in 11 formulations in six product categories. Rice Bran Oil had an oral LD50 of > 5 g/kg in white rats and Rice Wax had an oral LD50 of > 24 g/kg in male mice. A three-generation oral dosing study reported no toxic or teratologic effects in albino rats fed 10% Rice Bran Oil compared to a control group fed Peanut Oil. Undiluted Rice Bran Oil, Rice Germ Oil, and Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax were not irritants in animal skin tests. Rice Bran Oil was not a sensitizer. Rice Bran Oil, Rice Germ Oil, Rice Wax, and Hydrogenated Rice Bran Wax were negative in ocular toxicity assays. A mixture of Rice Bran Oil and Rice Germ Oil had a ultraviolet (UV) absorption maximum at 315 nm, but was not phototoxic in a dermal exposure assay. Rice Bran Oil was negative in an Ames assay, and a component, gamma-oryzanol, was negative in bacterial and mammalian mutagenicity assays. Rice oils, fatty acids, and waxes were, at most, mildly irritating in clinical studies. Extracts: Rice Bran Extract is used in six formulations in four product categories. Rice Extract is a hair-conditioning agent, but was not in current use. Hydrolyzed Rice Extract is used in four formulations and current concentration of use data were provided for other uses. Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract, described as a skin-conditioning agent--miscellaneous, is used in two product categories. Use concentrations are in the 1% to 2% range. Rice Bran Extract is comprised of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral ash, and water. The content includes palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Other components include antioxidants such as tocopherols. Rice Extract reduced the cytotoxicity of sodium chloride in male rats. Bran, Starch and Powder: Rice Bran (identified as rice hulls) is an abrasive and bulking agent in one formulation. Rice Starch is an absorbent and bulking agent in 51 formulations across a wide range of product categories. Rice Germ Powder is an abrasive and one manufacturer described an exfoliant use, but it was not reported to be used in 2002. Oral carcinogenicity studies done on components of Rice Bran (phytic acid and gamma-oryzanol) were negative. Rice Bran did not have an anticarcinogenic effect on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced large bowel tumors. In cocarcinogenicity studies done using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and other agents, with Rice Bran Oil and Rice Bran-derived hemicellulose and saccharide, tumor inhibition was observed; gamma-oryzanol did not inhibit the development of neoplasms. A decrease in cutaneous lesions in atopic dermatitis patients was reported following bathing with a Rice Bran preparation. Proteins: Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein and Hydrolyzed Rice Protein function as conditioning agents (hair or skin), but only the latter was reported to be used in a few products. An in vitro phototoxicity assay using UVA light found no photochemical toxicity. Rice bran protein hydrolysates are not acutely toxic, are not skin or ocular irritants in animals, are not skin sensitizers in guinea pig maximization tests, and are not irritating or sensitizing in clinical tests. Isolated cases of allergy to raw rice have been reported, but rice, in general, is considered non allergenic. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered that safety test data available on certain of these ingredients could be extrapolated to the entire group. Although Rice Bran Extract does contain UV absorbing compounds at low concentrations, clinical experience suggested no phototoxicity would be associated with such materials. Rice derived ingredients generally are considered to be non allergenic. There were no safety test data available for Hydrolyzed Rice Extract and Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract, but their safety may be inferred from that of the extracts from which they are derived. Current levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals in rice-derived ingredients used in cosmetics are not a safety concern. The Panel was concerned, however, that contaminants such as pesticides have been reported in Rice Bran Oil used for cooking. Pesticides and heavy metals should not exceed currently reported levels for rice-derived cosmetic ingredients. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that these rice-derived ingredients are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment.

<p>This study evaluated the effectiveness of black rice, millet and barley bran extracts against oxidative degradation of sunflower oil in frying, by determining the total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, free fatty acid content, conjugated diene content and total polar content. It was reported that the total phenolic content rice bran was approximately three times higher than that of the millet bran extracts and five times higher than the results for barley bran extracts. The total antioxidant activity results for barley bran and rice bran extract (40.95 ± 0.07and 40.87 ± 0.04 Trolox equivalent μmol/g of bran, respectively) were two times higher than that of millet bran extract (17.16 ± 0.34 Trolox equivalent μmol/g of bran). The results of the effectiveness of the cereal bran extracts were significantly different (p<0.05). The free fatty acid content of the rice bran and propyl gallate enriched oil samples showed better results (2.02 ± 0.01% and 1.62 ± 0.00%) than millet, barley and control enriched oil samples (3.43 ±0.01%, 3.13±0.01% and 6.13 ± 0.01% respectively). In the same vein, conjugated diene content results from all the enriched oil samples indicated that the rice bran enriched oil sample had the least amount of secondary oxidized products compared to the other enriched oil samples. It can be concluded that rice bran extract can be used for frying without discarding or replenishing the oil.</p>

Indonesia has a wide range of rice cultivars and pigments. This rice can be used as a source ofphytochemical compounds for cancer prevention. This research aims to analyze the cytotoxic activitiesof the ethanolic extract of black rice bran of 4 local cultivars i.e. ‘Cempo Ireng’, ‘Woja Laka’, ‘Toraja’ and‘IR­64’ (white rice) on cancer cells and to determine the compounds groups of those extracts. First step,rice bran was extracted with ethanol. This extract was applied to Raji (a human Burkitt Lymphomacancer), HepG2 (a human liver cancer), and Vero (a nonhuman cell line) cells in order to measure thecytotoxic activities by using MTT assay. To determine descriptively the compounds groups of phenolics,flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids the thin layer chromatography method was performed.The IC50 value was analyzed quantitatively by using probit analysis. Results showed that the IC50 valuesof ethanolic extract of rice bran ‘Woja Laka’, ‘Toraja’, ‘Cempo Ireng’ and ‘IR 64’ on HepG2 cells were857.23±99.19; 1,896.55±83,8; 1,494.47±87.81 and 727.89±145,97 µg/ml respectively. The IC50 on Raji cellswere 816.61±85.31; 1,079.93±28.31; 1,627.82; ±119.82, and 769.33±61.43 µg/ml respectively. The IC50 onVero cells were 1,295.2±37; 1,232.07±165.51; 1,874.14±169.56, and 724.4±122.79 µg/ml respectively. Theethanolic extracts of rice bran from four cultivars contain phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids.However, alkaloids could not be detected. The variety of rice cultivars indicates the variation of cytotoxicactivities on cancer cells. The ethanolic extracts of rice bran from those four rice cultivars contain similarkinds of organic compounds groups but vary in the Rf values.

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil from Rice Bran by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The extraction process of phenolic contents from black and purple rice bran in acetone, ethanol, and water, was optimized using rotatable central composite design (RCCD). Results of the study suggested that ethanol was the most efficient solvent to extract total phenolic content (TPC) from rice bran. The optimal condition for extraction of TPC from purple rice bran was, 43.74% (v/v) ethanol concentration, 37.5 °C temperature, 22.5 min extraction time and 8.75 (mL/g) solvent to solid ratio. Whereas, for black rice bran, except solvent to solid ratio (8.80 mL/g), the optimal condition was same as purple rice bran. TPC was found to be higher in purple rice bran extract than black rice bran extracts at optimum condition. RCCD data was successfully used to predict the extraction yield using the artificial neural network. The purple rice bran extract shows a promisingly higher amount of phytochemical content in term of TPC, flavonoid, anthocyanins and phenolic acid than black rice bran extract. The purple rice bran extract also showed the higher antioxidant activity than black rice bran extract.

This study aimed to assess the biological properties of Si Boo Gan Tang Rice and bran extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, revealing inhibitory effects exclusively on gram-positive bacteria by both ethanolic Si Boo Gan Tang Rice (RE) and bran (RBE) extract. The inhibition zone of RE to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA142), Staphylococcus aureus TISTR517, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, and Micrococcus luteus TISTR 884 was 2.07 ± 0.06, 1.94 ± 0.07, 1.95 ± 0.03, and 2.04 ± 0.03 cm, respectively. For RBE, the inhibition zones to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA142), Staphylococcus aureus TISTR517, B. cereus ATCC 11778, and M. luteus TISTR 884 were 2.07 ± 0.06, 2.00 ± 0.04, 1.67 ± 0.04, and 2.42 ± 0.56 cm, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated changes in the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus TISTR517 and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA142) cells treated with the RE and RBE, characterized by cell swelling and the formation of a fibrous network around them, contrasting with the control group. Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay. The RBE displayed significant antioxidant potential, with IC50 values of 0.78 and 0.69 mg/mL in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Conversely, the aqueous rice bran (RBW) extract had IC50 values of 3.83 and 0.90 mg/mL in the same assays. For the RE, IC50 values were 1.11 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.78 mg/mL (ABTS), while the aqueous rice (RW) extract had IC50 values of 4.45 mg/mL (DPPH) and 1.75 mg/mL (ABTS). In the FRAP assay, all the extracts RW, RBW, RE and RBE demonstrated ferric level reductions of 37.82, 36.85, 56.24, and 81.45 µmol/g extract, respectively. Phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 34.82 to 154.31 mg GAE/g extract, while flavonoid concentrations varied between 2.17 and 8.78 mg QE/g extract. HIGHLIGHTS All extracts showed inhibitory effects exclusively on gram-positive bacteria, particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA142). The ethanolic rice bran extract (RBE) demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, with lowest IC50 values in DPPH (8.11 mg/mL) and ABTS (3.67 mg/mL) assays, and a highest FRAP value (81.45 µmol/g). All extracts exhibited significant phenolic content, ranging from 34.82 to 154.31 mg GAE/g extract, contributing to their potent antioxidant properties. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The presence of gamma-oryzanol in rice bran oil can be 10⁻20-fold higher than tocopherol and tocotrienol. Gamma-oryzanol has various pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rice bran extract as a gastroprotective in reducing lesions in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer models in rat, using the ionic liquid-microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method. Rice bran extract was obtained using the IL-MAE method with ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM]BF₄ (concentration 0.7 M), and a ratio of solid/liquid of 15 g/mL, 15 min extraction time, and 10% microwave power. The rats were pretreated with rice bran extract at different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight; BW) for seven days and subsequently exposed to acute gastric lesions induced by 80% ethanol. Omeprazole (36 mg/kg BW) was used as a standard anti-ulcer drug. The ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, and mucus levels were measured to assess the degree of gastroprotection. The results showed that the oral administration of rice bran extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW significantly inhibited the development of ulcer formation by 66.75% and reduced gastric acid levels. Moreover, gamma oryzanol and omeprazole protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced gastric lesions by increasing the level of gastric mucus. Rice bran extract is effective as a gastroprotective therapy sourced from natural ingredients in treating the incidence of gastric ulcers. Most likely, this is related to gamma oryzanol as a bioactive compound contained in rice bran (Oryza sativa L.).

To verify the anti-fungus properties of the crop-harmful pseudocercospora, the essential oil (EO) of pomelo peel (PP) was extracted by a single factor combined with response surface optimization. Meanwhile, the composition and activity of EO were studied. The PP was squeezed by a screw extruder and pretreatmented by pectinase, then extracted by microwave-assisted steam distillation. The optimal conditions were as follows: pectinase dosage was 69.17 μmol/g, microwave power was 651.42 W and extraction time was 43.84 min. The dry weight (DW) yield of PPEO reached 14.63 mL/kg DW after BBD optimization. There were 23 compounds in the PPEO identified by GC-MS. Limonene, α-phrenbutene, and laurene in PPEO accounted for 79.31%, 4.72%, and 3.46%, respectively. In addition, the antifungal was effective when the concentration of PPEO was 3.5 mg/mL. Therefore, this study has guiding significance for the development of natural resources.

Enzyme-treated red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran extracts mitigate inflammatory markers in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and exhibit anti-inflammatory efficacy greater/comparable to ferulic acid, catechin, γ-tocopherol, and γ-oryzanol

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in recent years. The intake of polyphenol rich diets has been associated with improved cardiovascular function and reduced cardiovascular risks. Oryza sativa L. is one of the most common cereals worldwide. Rice bran, a byproduct of the rice milling process, contains many bioactive ingredients, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, proteins, and micronutrients. It is also consumed as a healthy diet in the form of rice bran oil and powder in many Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, and India for its several health benefits as a natural antioxidant. Thus, this study evaluated the vasorelaxant effect of ethanolic extracts of brown, green, red, and black rice bran and investigated its underlying vasorelaxant mechanism. Among the four rice bran extracts (RBEs) examined, the red rice bran extract (RRBE) had a strong endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect, which was markedly prevented by N-ω-nitro-L-arginine [endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor], wortmannin [phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor], and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (inhibitor of guanylate cyclase). Likewise, RRBE induced the phosphorylation of eNOS and Src in cultured endothelial cells, thereby stimulating NO formation. Altogether, these findings propose that RRBE induces endothelium-dependent relaxation, involving at least in part, NO-mediated signaling through the PI3K/eNOS pathway. Further, LC-PDA analysis conducted on the four RBEs also revealed that RRBE highly contained taxifolin, which is an active flavanonol that induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, compared to other RBEs. Subsequently, the underlying mechanism of taxifolin was assessed through vascular reactivity studies with pharmacological inhibitors similar to that of RRBE. These findings deciphered a distinct difference in vasorelaxant effects between RRBE and the other RBEs. We also observed that RRBE induced a potent endothelium-dependent NO-mediated relaxation in coronary artery rings, which involved the Src/PI3K pathway that activates eNOS. Additionally, taxifolin exhibited, at least in part, similar vasoprotective effects of RRBE. Therefore, we propose that RRBE may serve as natural sources of functional phytochemicals that improve cardiovascular diseases associated with disturbed NO production and endothelial dysfunction.

A mosquito larval survey was carried out in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Twelve mosquito species were identified: 4 Anopheline species; Anopheles arabinesis Theobald, Anopheles tenebrosus Donitz, Anopheles multicolor Combouliu, and Anopheles sergenti Theobald and 6 Culicine species; Culex pipiens Linnaeus; Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Culex lutzia; Culex sinaiticus; Culex quinquefascitus Say; Culex theileri Theobad as well as one Aedine species, Aedes caspius, and Culiseta subochrea. Culex pipiens is the most common culicine species in the southwestern region. The insecticidal activity of tested compounds (acetonic and ethanolic extracts of agricultural waste product, rice bran and plant,extract of Milkweed) was bioassay against the 3rd instars of the Culex pipiens larvae in the laboratory. Therefore, the toxicity of the tested plant extracts based on LC50 values could be arranged in an ascending order as follows: ethanolic extract of milkweed leaves < acetonic extract of milkweed leaves < acetonic extract of milkweed flower < acetonic extract of rice bran < ethanolic extract of rice bran < ethanolic extract of milkweed flower. The SR of ethanolic extract of Rice bran with Triton x100 (1.64) was higher than other one.

This study investigated the antioxidant content and activity of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol in pigmented rice (black and red rice) brans. After methanolic extraction, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were measured. The pigmented rice bran extract had a greater reducing power than a normal rice bran extract from a long grain white rice. All bran extracts were highly effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation (60-85%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of antioxidants in rice bran found that γ-oryzanol (39-63%) and phenolic acids (33-43%) were the major antioxidants in all bran samples, and black rice bran also contained anthocyanins 18-26%. HPLC analysis of anthocyanins showed that pigmented bran was rich in cyanidin-3-glucoside (58-95%). Ferulic acid was the dominant phenolic acid in the rice bran samples. Black rice bran contained gallic, hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids in higher contents than red rice bran and normal rice bran. Furthermore, the addition of 5% black rice bran to wheat flour used for making bread produced a marked increase in the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity compared to a control bread.

Pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) has several chemical compounds, one of which is essential oil, 6.68g of essential oil was found in the peel of the pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) which has an active compound, namely limonene (94.96%). The essential oil provided strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates. The purpose of the study was to formulate the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) into liquid soap preparations that met physical stability and to test the antibacterial activity of liquid soap preparations of pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) peel essential oil against S. aureus bacteria. The method used in testing the stability of liquid soap preparations is cycling test and in the antibacterial activity test using the Disk diffusion method. The results obtained that the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) can be formulated in the form of liquid soap because it meets the physical stability test, namely before and after the cycling test and activity tests. antibacterial against S. aureus. at 1% concentration of 18.9mm (strong), 3% of 20.4mm (very strong), and 5% of 21.1mm (very strong). Based on this, the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) can be made into liquid soap preparations that meet the physical stability test and have antibacterial activity in very strong category at a concentration of 5% in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria.

In the present work the antioxidant activity of different solvent (100% methanol, 80% methanol, 100% acetone, 80% acetone) extracts of rice bran was evaluated following different antioxidant assays and using sunflower oil as oxidation substrate. The rice bran extracts were evaluated from the estimate of % inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, total phenolics content (TPC) and loss of β-carotene in a linoleic acid system. Additionally, crude concentrated rice bran extracts were added into the sunflower oil samples and stored under ambient conditions. The extent of oxidative deterioration was followed by the measurement of peroxide-, p-anisidine-, conjugated diene-, and triene- values. The general order of antioxidant efficacy of rice bran extracts as determined by various antioxidant assays was 80% methanolic extract &gt; 100% methanolic extract &gt; 80% acetone extract &gt; 100% acetone extract. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrate that rice bran extracts of the Super Kernel variety indigenous to Pakistan are a viable source of natural antioxidants and might be exploited for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.

This study utilized pomelo steam distillation to isolate pomelo peel essential oil. The constituents were then analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the antibacterial activity of the essential oil emulsions at different homogenizer speed conditions and concentrations of water-soluble chitosan (degree of acetylation, DA = 54.8%) against S. aureus and E. coli was examined. Analysis of the essential oil composition identified a total of 33 compounds with the main constituent, limonene accounting for 87.5% (940.07 mg/g) of the total. The pomelo peel oil was emulsified through homogenization at 24,000 rpm, resulting in a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for E. coli that was 1.9 times lower than that of the essential oil without homogenization. In addition, a mixture of 0.4% essential oil emulsion and 0.03% water-soluble chitosan had the strongest synergetic antibacterial effect on S. aureus and E. coli at pH 7.4. In comparison with chitosan alone, the MIC value of this mixture was significantly 2.4 and 2.5 times lower. Hence, this study suggests using a mixture of emulsified pomelo peel oil and water-soluble chitosan to develop a novel natural food preservative, and that the processability of food, as well as the economic value of the byproducts of the Taiwan Matou pomelo and chitosan, could be increased.