Formation of Philosophical Views of Anatoly Lunacharsky. Nietzschean Empirio-criticism

Abstract

The article is devoted to an integral part of Russian philosophy - Russian positivism, and first of all to empirio-criticism - a philosophical trend that captured the minds of the Russian left-wing intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century. One of the brightest representatives of this trend in Russian philosophy was Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky, who made the path of Marxism to empirio-criticism. This distinguishes him from many other revolutionary philosophers. He also took part in the creation and work of the Vperyod group, organizing together with other Vperyodists party schools for Russian workers in Capri and Bologna. But unlike his Vperyod friends Bogdanov and Bazarov, he did his best to maintain normal relations with V.I. Lenin, therefore, did not fall under the blow of "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism". It is important that Lunacharsky's empirio-criticism differed from Bogdanov's empirio-monism. The direction of Russian philosophy, of which he was a supporter, was called Nietzsche's empirio-criticism. Despite his non-participation in the intra-party struggle and the traditional support of the winners, he, according to Trotsky, remained a foreign figure in the ranks of the Bolsheviks to the end. Lunacharsky was not only a kind of philosopher and party functionary (he held the position of People's Commissar of Education for a long time), but also a very interesting writer and playwright. The role of Lunacharsky in Russian philosophy and culture cannot be overestimated; part of his intellectual heritage is analyzed in this article.