Abstract
Heavy metal contamination presents a significant environmental concern due to its persistence and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. This paper offers an overview of various techniques utilized for the removal of heavy metals from water. Specifically, it focuses on the remediation of heavy metal-polluted environments using nanoparticles, with Fe-based nanoparticles emerging as a popular option due to their high reactivity, adsorption capabilities, and versatility in cleaning up environmental contaminants. The paper provides a comprehensive examination of several Fe-based nanoparticles, including surface-functionalized iron nanoparticles, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI), highlighting their applications in the removal of heavy metal pollutants. Various reaction pathways, such as precipitation, adsorption, reduction, and oxidation, between heavy metals and Fe-based nanoparticles are thoroughly explained. Methods such as precipitation involve the formation of insoluble precipitates through the addition of chemicals, while ion exchange relies on materials that replace heavy metal ions in water. Adsorption utilizes substances like activated carbon to attract and bind heavy metal ions, and chelation forms stable complexes for easier removal. Bioremediation employs microorganisms and plants to accumulate or transform heavy metals, while electrochemical methods and membrane filtration utilize electric current and selective barriers, respectively, for effective removal. Additionally, the study emphasizes the influence of surrounding circumstances (e.g., pH, catalyst dose, and concentration of pollutants) and kinetic modules on the reactivity of Fe-based nanoparticles with heavy metals. Lastly, it discusses the environmental risks associated with the use of Fe-based nanoparticles and suggests future directions for their application in remediation efforts.
Published Version
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