Forest Above-Ground Biomass Inversion Using Optical and SAR Images Based on a Multi-Step Feature Optimized Inversion Model

Abstract

Forest biomass change monitoring is essential for climate change. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optimal remote sensing (RS) data are two very helpful data sources for forest biomass monitoring and estimation. During the procedure of biomass estimation using RS technique, optimal features selection and estimation models used are two critical steps. This paper therefore focuses on building an operational and robust method of biomass retrieval using optical and SAR RS data. First, random forest (RF) algorithms are used for reducing time-consuming and decreasing computational burden; then, an iterative procedure was embedded in K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms for the best optimal feature selection and combination; last, the best feature combinations and KNN models were applied for forest biomass estimation. Moreover, forest type effects and RS feature source effects were considered. The results showed that feature combination of two optical images and the SAR image showed highest estimation accuracy by using the proposed algorithm (R2 = 0.70 for Forest-1, R2 = 0.72 for Forest-2, and R2 = 0.71 for Forest-3; RMSE = 16.18 Mg/ha for Forest-1, RMSE =17.66 Mg/ha for Forest-2, and RMSE = 18.67 Mg/ha for Forest-3, where Forest-1 is natural pure forests of Yunnan Pines, Forest-2 is natural mixed coniferous forests, and Forest-3 is the combination of Forest-1 and Forest-2). With the comparative analysis of proposed algorithm and different non-parametric algorithms, traditional nonparametric algorithms performed better in Forest-1, but worse in Forest-2 and Forest-3, while the proposed algorithm performed no obvious difference in three forest types and using five feature groups. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm was robust in biomass estimation, with almost no feature source and forest structure dependent for biomass estimation.