Food and health considerations in Asia-Pacific regional security.

Does The Recent Spike in Food Prices Have Any Economic Benefit?

How Will the Food Price Shock Affect Inflation in Latin America and the Caribbean?

This article explores the impacts of China's growth in the international markets of agricultural products along two dimensions: food price inflation and export growth in other developing countries. China's food imports of vegetable oils have grown dramatically over the last decade, linking China's economic growth to the recent increases in global food prices. If China is a source of global food price inflation, exporting countries will benefit whether they sell directly to China or not. These direct and indirect linkages are explored using a short‐run, partial‐equilibrium model of international trade in agricultural products in which consumer prices and trade costs are derived from bilateral trade flows. China's effects on food prices and exports are estimated by reducing Chinese food expenditures in 2007 by half, roughly China's level of expenditures in 1995. Results indicate that food prices as measured by CES price indexes in developing Asia, Africa, and Latin America would have been reduced by 1.27%, 0.32%, and 0.22%, respectively. China has been an important source of growth for exporters selling directly to China. There is no evidence of export growth due to an overall increase in food prices caused by China's growth.

The Long-Run Impact of Biofuels on Food Prices

In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods have raised the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real‐world data. Results using household data for 10 observations on nine low‐income countries show that the short‐run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low‐income countries substantially.

Facing Global Environmental Change

In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially.

Recent increases in food and other commodity prices have highlighted concerns that many poor countries are net food importers and higher food prices would worsen their trade balances. In this article, we analyze the changes in food trade balances associated with the 32% increase in food prices from 2000/2001 to 2004/2005. We find a small deterioration in food trade balances of low‐income countries and an improvement in middle‐income countries. The deterioration is most severe for countries in conflict and small island states, so attention should be placed first on these countries and on a few very‐low‐income countries that are also vulnerable. Because low‐income countries as a group had much lower agricultural GDP growth rates than middle‐income countries, the answers to food vulnerability in low‐income countries should probably be addressed within the context of incentives for agricultural production.

ONSUMERS and producers alike consider 1973 as a year of traumatic experiences. Apparently 1974 will be comparable, at least for many producers. Increasing general inflation and rapidly rising food prices in 1973 led first to consumer boycotts, then to meat price ceilings imposed at the retail but not the farm level. These actions led to disruption of the marketing system for meat and to drastic producer reactions involving drowning of baby chicks and slaughter of pregnant sows. Through all the changes, consumer food prices continued to climb and to lead the consumer price index upward. Forecasts of the rate of increase in food prices were far under the actual rates. In mid-1973, for example, the S. Department of Agriculture was criticized for underestimating the rise in food prices which had occurred and probably would occur by year-end [2, p. 24]. The charge concerned projections of the average increase in domestic food prices during 1973 of first 3 percent (made in November, 1972), then 6 percent (February, 1973), then 9 percent (May, 1973). The actual change from January through December was 17.7 percent and averaged 14.5 percent higher in 1973 than in 1972. Why did food costs increase so much beyond the expected levels? Some analysts have concluded that past economic models and parameters are no longer applicable and that revised parameters are needed for the new economic environment in which domestic consumers compete with foreign consumers for available supplies. Fox [3, p. 3] in an analysis of the food price forecasting problem concluded that no U. S. agency has an adequate model of the world economy or even an adequate conceptual framework within which to discuss interactions among the food, agricultural and other sectors of the world economy. The conclusion that all new models are needed does not appear warranted. Models involving domestic demand and the associated parameters remain valid and can be used in an analysis of conditions during the past two years as illustrated in the first section of the paper. There are new attributes of the domestic demand for food, however. In the second section of the paper, trends in the shares of incomes spent on food by different income groups, the shock of reversal of trends, and the impact of the food stamp program on meat consumption are considered. In subsequent sections, the relationship of marketing spreads to changes in farm and retail prices are analyzed, and the impact on consumer prices of increasing export demand with low reserve stocks are reviewed. For the latter some relationships and ranges of data admittedly are new.

There is a significant increase in food prices all over the world. Rate of annual increases in prices of all kinds of food is more than 100 percent. However, this can lead to long-term food crisis. The research aims to find out the factors that contribute to a large increase in food prices, as well as to predict the likely consequences of food price increases. Then potential solutions related to specific problems should be highlighted. In this study several factors were determined, which were contributed to central (global food price increase) and general problems. These problems were separated by cause and consequences, they were structured and ordered hierarchically. Through outline the problems it can be improved that in global market of foods both demand and supply are influenced by many factors. The most important factors affected demand are: increase of population and urban population all over the world and increase of income level and internal migration in emerging countries. Supply is influenced by the following factors: a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops, low level of productivity in agricultural sector, as well as reduction in food crops production area because of unfavourable weather and increased production of biofuels. Most of general and specific factors, which affect food price increase, are related to each other causally but there are also separate factors. The most effective solution to the problem is increasing of agricultural productivity at the same time investments into agricultural researches and rural infrastructure.

Exchange rate fluctuations have far-reaching consequences for national economies, companies and, above all, consumers. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms by which these fluctuations affect food prices in domestic markets. In this context, we examine the complex relationship between exchange rates and domestic food prices and attempt to calculate the pass-through effect of the exchange rate on domestic prices. To examine the pass-through effect of the exchange rate on food prices, we use monthly USD/TRY exchange rate data from January 2003 to July 2023 as well as the global food price index, the export-import rate for food and the producer price index for food in Türkiye. We employ the vector autoregression (VAR) method to determine the optimal lags of the variables included in the analysis and the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to calculate the overall pass-through effect of the USD/TRY exchange rate on domestic food prices. The results show that the pass-through effect of the variable on food prices persists for three months: the current month, the previous month and the two previous months. The total pass-through effect of the exchange rate on food prices reaches up to 27%. Half of this impact comes from the previous month's food prices. In addition, the ratio of food exports to imports accounts for about 12% of the increase in domestic food prices. The results also show that the variable with the highest pass-through effect is the producer price index and that 90% of the increase in food prices is due to domestic dynamics, while the effect of price increases in foreign markets is only about 10%.

BackgroundAnimal source foods, especially fish is the most commonly consumed and an important source of macro and micronutrients in the diet of the urban low-income residents. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the food environment in Bangladesh but little is known about how food access and food prices (affordability) have affected the purchase and consumption of fish. The objective of the study was to understand the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban food environment with a specific focus on fish consumption.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 586 homogeneous adults (288 females and 298 males) from separate households from five informal settlements in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during October-November 2020. Data were collected on: (1) food access and affordably; and (2) food purchase and fish consumption. The associations between food access, price, food purchase, and fish consumption were evaluated using path analysis.ResultsThe majority of respondents reported that food access was more difficult, food prices increased, and food purchase decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-COVID (84–89% of respondents). Fish and meat were more difficult to access, more expensive and purchased less compared to other foods (74–91% of respondents). Compared to pre-COVID period, households consumed less fish during the COVID-19 pandemic, and reported compromised the variety and quality of fish. In the path analysis, food access was associated with food purchase (b = 0.33, p < 0.001). Food purchase was associated with quantity, variety, and quality of fish consumed. Food price was inversely associated with the quality of fish consumed (b = −0.27, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the food environment, particularly food access, price (affordability), purchase, and consumption, especially of fish. Limited food access negatively affected the quantity, variety and quality of fish consumed. An increase in food prices directly affected the quality of fish consumed. Policy actions are essential to ensure equal access to nutritious foods, such as fish. These policies need to focus on diversity and quality along with preventing increases in food prices during emergencies to mitigate future threats to the nutrition and health of the urban low-income residents.

Food is one of the most traded goods, and the conflict in Ukraine, one of the European breadbaskets, has triggered a significant additional disruption in the global food supply chains after the COVID-19 impact. The disruption to food output, supply chains, availability, and affordability could have a long-standing impact. As a result, the availability and supply of a wide range of food raw materials and finished food products are under threat, and global markets have seen recent increases in food prices. Furthermore, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has adversely affected food supply chains, with significant effects on production, sourcing, manufacturing, processing, logistics, and significant shifts in demand between nations reliant on imports from Ukraine. This paper aims to analyze the impacts of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on the effectiveness and responsiveness of the global food supply chains. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach, including grey literature, was deployed to investigate six key areas of the food supply chains that would be impacted most due to the ongoing war. Findings include solutions and strategies to mitigate supply chain impacts such as alternative food raw materials, suppliers and supply chain partners supported by technological innovations to ensure food safety and quality in warlike situations.

Global Food Security—Introduction

Law in Indonesia not only discusses criminal, political, socio-cultural and constitutional issues but also discusses the economy because the economy, markets, prices, basic goods cannot be separated from the intervention of the government itself, in recent times the price of basic necessities has increased and the government is still trying to make efforts to prevent inflation in the price of food goods. In this writing the author uses a library research method in which the data sources obtained come from books, previous journals and articles, besides that the author also uses qualitative research methods in which the author also conducts interviews to obtain information which is then concluded into a scientific paper. And based on this, the author has formulated several problem formulations including (1) what is the cause of the increase in food prices getting higher in recent months, (2) what is the role of the government in maintaining food price stability so that it does not continue to rise, (3) what is the role of the community in maintaining price stability. And the conclusions of this journal writing are (1) there are four factors that affect the increase in staple food prices including a. The foreign price situation and the dollar exchange rate related to commodity supplies that depend on imports, b. Unstable climatic conditions, c. Distribution that is not smooth and d. Speculation factors, (2) the role of the government in maintaining food price stability. Speculation factors, (2) the role of the government in maintaining the stability of food prices include a. The government conducts cheap market operations, b. Supervise and maintain stocks of goods so that they are not limited or reduced, c. Monitor so that there is no hoarding of food goods, d. The local government distributes bulog rice to the local government. The local government distributes Bulog rice to the community, e. The government will also continue to carry out market operations and strengthen the smooth distribution of supplies, f. The government issued a special fiscal policy for the distribution of Bulog rice to the community. The government issues special fiscal policies for exports and imports. (3) and the community also plays a role in reducing inflation and stabilizing food prices, including by doing a. The community is expected to shop according to their needs, b. The community can compare good and cheap prices, c. Shop with substitute goods if they feel the goods are expensive, d. Not hoarding goods that can cause inflation. Not hoarding goods that can cause scarcity and if caught hoarding goods will be subject to sanctions and penalties that have been regulated by the government