Abstract
Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most destructive diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. Zinc thiazole is a novel bactericide and has been applied for BB control for 10 years. However, zinc thiazole is highly insoluble in water and in most organic solvents. In this work, we found for the first time that zinc thiazole can be dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the solubility of zinc thiazole in DMSO is more than 20 mg/mL. Dissolved zinc thiazole at 25 μg/mL significantly inhibited the growth of Xoo by 58.81%. Interestingly, zinc thiazole at 25 μg/mL enhanced the cell division and altered the cell wall integrity of Xoo. The application of dissolved zinc thiazole at 100 μg/mL reduced the incidence of rice bacterial blight (BB) by providing 64.71% control efficacy, while zinc thiazole as suspension concentrate (SC) at 100 μg/mL only provided 43.42% control efficacy. Taken together, this study provides for the first time a method for dissolving zinc thiazole, and may help to better understand the antibacterial mechanism of zinc thiazole.
Highlights
It has been speculated that human world population will reach 9.7 billion by 2050 (Sessitsch et al 2018), which indicates that global food production will have to be more than doubled at that time (Green et al 2018)
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a suitable solvent for zinc thiazole In order to find a suitable solvent for zinc thiazole, ten solvents were tested, including MeOH, EtOH, isopropanol (IPA), acetone, acetonitrile (ACN), ethyl acetate (EA), dimethylformamide (DMF), Tween80, DMSO and sterilized ddH2O
The white powder corresponding to zinc thiazole completely disappeared in DMSO solvent, providing a solution with blight yellow color, which indicated that zinc thiazole is soluble in DMSO (20 mg/mL)
Summary
It has been speculated that human world population will reach 9.7 billion by 2050 (Sessitsch et al 2018), which indicates that global food production will have to be more than doubled at that time (Green et al 2018). Zinc thiazole (2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) is a broad spectrum bactericide for controlling crop diseases, including rice bacterial blight (BB) (Zhang et al 2013; Zhu et al 2014; Chen et al 2015), rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS) (Wei et al 2007), bacterial leaf spot of Euphorbia pulcherrima (Li et al 2008) and cucumber downy mildew (Hu et al 2012). This zinc complex is an insoluble molecule and is commercially available as zinc thiazole suspension concentrate (SC) since 2007. The insoluble property of zinc thiazole greatly limits its activity
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