First Generations and Gender Survey in Finland

Informed by the life course perspective, this paper investigates whether and how employment and family trajectories are jointly associated with subjective, relational and financial wellbeing later in life. We draw on data from the Swiss Household Panel which combines biographical retrospective information on work, partnership and childbearing trajectories with 19 annual waves containing a number of wellbeing indicators as well as detailed socio-demographic and social origin information. We use sequence analysis to identify the main family and work trajectories for men and women aged 20–50 years old. We use OLS regression models to assess the association between those trajectories and their interdependency with wellbeing. Results reveal a joint association between work and family trajectories and wellbeing at older age, even net of social origin and pre-trajectory resources. For women, but not for men, the association is also not fully explained by proximate (current family and work status) determinants of wellbeing. Women’s stable full-time employment combined with traditional family trajectories yields a subjective wellbeing premium, whereas childlessness and absence of a stable partnership over the life course is associated with lower levels of financial and subjective wellbeing after 50 especially in combination with a trajectory of weak labour market involvement. Relational wellbeing is not associated with employment trajectories, and only weakly linked to family trajectories among men.

The trajectories of family and social dynamics significantly shape women's entrepreneurship in India, illuminating their pivotal role in perpetuating the gender gap in entrepreneurial activities. It examines how traditional family roles and societal norms intersect; often posing challenges for women entrepreneurs seeking to balance business pursuits and domestic responsibilities. Through the lens of socio-legal perspectives, this chapter evaluates the impact of government initiatives and legal frameworks on women's entrepreneurial agency. The familial and social milieu significantly shapes women's entrepreneurial aspirations and endeavors. Traditional family roles and societal expectations often intersect, creating intricate challenges for women seeking to navigate both business ventures and domestic responsibilities. This chapter envisions a more equitable entrepreneurial landscape by advocating for progressive changes informed by family dynamics, legal reforms, and technological advancements.

The rise of unmarried cohabitation in the late 20th century has increased the diversity of couples’ family situations and partnership trajectories, calling for a differentiated approach to this partnership form. This is one of the first studies to examine how the typology of cohabitation in a society has changed over time, using both subjective and objective criteria, and recognising the different role of cohabitation at different stages of family life, including situations characteristic of later life. Based on data from the first (2001) and fifth (2016/17) waves of the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey, this analysis aims to establish an empirical typology of the cohabiting population. Family trajectories, relationship commitment and attitudes towards marriage were included as grouping criteria in the latent class analysis. Four types were identified: trial marriage, alternative to marriage, stepfamily and post-marital cohabitation. Contrary to the international literature, we did not find any groups who do not marry because of their anti-marriage attitudes or poor financial situation, or who see their cohabitation as an alternative to being single. The findings are discussed in the light of theories of the changing meaning of unmarried cohabitation.

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper employs sequence analysis to identify “typical” early (observation window limited to ages 15 to 30) employment and family formation trajectories among female second-generation migrants in Germany. For the employment domain of the life course, four types of employment trajectories were identified according to their modal states: “long education,” “full-time employment,” “part-time employment,” and “non-employment.” For the family domain of the life course, three types of family trajectories were identified: “postponement of family formation,” “early family formation,” and “early single motherhood.” For the analysis on cluster affiliation, a multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate how parental origin relates to jointly determined employment and family trajectories. As expected, the descriptive results showed that trajectories of low labor market participation are highly related to trajectories of early family formation. The categorization by parental origins shows that there were few differences in the trajectories of most native and G2 women groups. One pattern that stood out was that compared to other origin groups, G2 women of Turkish parental origin were more likely to be on an early family formation path, and they were more likely to be on a path with multiple non-employment spells. In the modeling strategy, the remaining differences in the women’s patterns were partially explained by the differences in their socioeconomic backgrounds (compulsory school track and the father’s professional degree) and their maternal employment role models (the mother’s employment when the woman was age 15).

School performance and mortality: The mediating role of educational attainment and work and family trajectories across the life course.

In Estonia, the Generations and Gender Survey 2020 (GGS-II) is the third large-scale demographic survey that collects data on family and fertility dynamics. As the country participates in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the GGS-II opted for a shorter age range of the sample (18–59). The questionnaire in the GGS-II in Estonia follows the GGS-II wave 1 baseline questionnaire. The questionnaire also includes the Global Uncertainties’ module developed by the Nordic countries, a battery of questions on the perceived impact of COVID-19, and several country-specific items. The GGS-II in Estonia was implemented using only computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI). In this article, we present a concise overview of the sampling and data collection process, analyse representativeness and response rates, and briefly assess the data quality. We conclude that despite low response rates, the GGS-II provides a good basis for the analysis of fertility and family dynamics.

BACKGROUNDA key feature of the Generations & Gender Programme (GGP) is that longitudinal micro-data from the Generations and Gender Surveys (GGS) can be combined with indicators from the Contextual Database (CDB) that provide information on the macro-level context in which people live. This allows researchers to consider the impact of socio-cultural, economic, and policy contexts on changing demographic behaviour since the 1970s. The validity of longitudinal analyses combining individual-level and contextual data depends, however, on whether the micro-data give a correct account of demographic trends after 1970.OBJECTIVEThis article provides information on the quality of retrospective longitudinal data on first marriage and fertility in the first wave of the GGS.METHODSUsing the union and fertility histories recorded in the GGS, we compare period indicators of women's nuptiality and fertility behaviour for the period 1970-2005 and cohort indicators of nuptiality and fertility for women born after 1925 to population statistics.RESULTSResults suggest that, in general, period indicators estimated retrospectively from the GGS are fairly accurate from the 1970s onwards, allowing exceptions for specific indicators in specific countries. Cohort indicators, however, were found to be less accurate for cohorts born before 1945, suggesting caution when using the GGS to study patterns of union and family formation in these older cohorts.CONCLUSIONSThe assessment of the validity of demographic data in the GGS provides country-specific information on time periods and birth cohorts for which GGS estimates deviate from population statistics. Researchers may use this information to decide on the observation period or cohorts to include in their analysis, or use the results as a starting point for a more detailed analysis of item nonresponse in union and fertility histories, which may further improve the quality of GGS estimates, particularly for these earlier periods and older birth cohorts.COMMENTSDetailed country-specific results are included in an appendix to this paper, available for download from the additional material section.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionIn 2000 the Population Activity Unit (PAU) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) launched the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP) to enhance understanding of the causes and consequences of demographic change in developed countries (Vikat et al. 2007). International comparability is a key feature of the GGP and several, mainly European, countries have become highly committed to the implementation of the programme. The GGP consists of two pillars. The first pillar is a set of Generations and Gender Surveys (GGS)5. The GGS is a panel survey that collects longitudinal micro-level data on a representative sample of noninstitutionalized residents aged 18 to 79 years in each of the participating countries. The first wave of the GGS collects detailed data on partnership histories and (non-)resident children, making it possible to reconstruct changes in union formation and fertility in recent decades and link these to covariates at the individual, household, and contextual levels. To overcome the limitations associated with the retrospective design of the Fertility and Family Surveys (FFS) - the immediate predecessor of the GGP - the GGS combines elements of a retrospective setup with a prospective panel design (Vikat et al. 2007). The prospective design makes it possible to assess the impact of characteristics recorded in each wave (e.g., values and intentions) on subsequent behaviours, thus contributing to an enhanced understanding of the dynamic nature of demographic behaviour and the life-course. The Contextual Database (CDB)6 (see the contribution of Caporali et al. in this special volume) is the second main pillar of the GGP and provides aggregate indicators at the meso (regional) and macro (national) levels. …

This report provides the full questionnaires in English translation for the Swedish Generations and Gender Survey. The Swedish GGS was carried out by means of telephone interviews and follow-up postal or online questionnaires during 2012 and 2013. Some data were collected through population registers. A target population of 18,000 individuals aged 18-79 years produced 9,688 respondents (responserate53.8%). 6,830 respondents also filled out the postal/online follow-up questionnaire. The field work was carried out by Statistics Sweden’s Survey Unit. An aggregated version of the Swedish GGS is available through the Generations and Gender Programme website at the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute: http://www.ggp-i.org/data/dataaccess.html. In this version of the Swedish GGS a number of variables have been aggregated or dropped. The full version of the survey is available to researchers at the Stockholm University Demography Unit and the Ageing Research Centre, Karolinska institutet, through Statistics Sweden’s Micro-Online Access system (contact: Helen Eriksson at the Demography Unit). Restrictions to use are due to legal constraints.

This research investigates the relation between climate anxiety, threat perceptions for future generations, and childbearing motivations in childless emerging adults. Using a sample of 1211 Swiss college students aged 18–25, the study explores if threat perceptions mediate the relationship between climate anxiety and childbearing motivations. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that climate anxiety significantly predicted greater perceptions of threat, which in turn related to less positive childbearing motivations and more negative childbearing motivations. Specifically, the relationship between climate anxiety and childbearing motivations was partly to fully explained by threat perceptions, suggesting that worries about the future environment could be an important factor in emerging adults’ complex reproductive considerations. No gender moderation was found. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions that provide psychological support and targeted educational resources to assist young adults in navigating the complex interplay between climate anxiety, threat perceptions, and their decisions regarding childbearing.

With the war against Ukraine, Russian foreign policy is going through a critical juncture that causes significant regional and global uncertainties. The current crisis is not a result of short-term brinkmanship but a consequence of Moscow’s three-decade-long search for self-identification since the collapse of the Soviet Union. To follow the overall foreign policy trajectory and self-identification of the Kremlin, Foreign Policy Concepts are quite helpful since they reflect the main framework of Russian diplomacy since 1993. The study begins by explaining the significance of the Concepts for Moscow’s foreign policy. Then it highlights the main themes of the latest Foreign Policy Concept: anti-hegemonism, multipolarity, Russia as a center, and Russia as a civilization-state. In each section, Moscow’s understanding of these themes is discussed and put into a historical context to explain the significance of their appearance in the official documents. The article then compares the previous concept to expose the change of narrative in 2023 to show the main changes in Russia’s foreign policy priorities, articulation of other actors, and perception of threats.

Arnaud Regnier-Loilier, EditorSpringer, 2017, INED Population Studies 7, (also available as an e-book)Translation of “Parcours de Familles, L’enquête Etude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles «, Coll. Grandes enquêtes, by INED in 2016.ISBN 978i-3-319-56000-7

This introductory chapter outlines the main ambitions of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP) upon which the studies published in this book are based, and gives a brief presentation of each one. In the early 2000s, the Population Activities Unit of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) launched a programme of comparative studies in around 20 countries to gain more insight into the recent sociodemographic changes affecting most western societies. In each country, the aim was to interview around 10,000 people aged 18-79 on three occasions, at regular three-year intervals. The results presented in this book are based exclusively on data from the first wave of the French survey (Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles, ERFI), and focus on two key themes covered in the questionnaire: the stages of life and the diversity of family trajectories; and domestic organization within the couple.KeywordsParental HomeFertility IntentionSurvey WaveConsensual UnionInterview ConditionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Much research to date has shown that migrants from the Global South to the wealthier nations of the North often experience a devaluation of their educational credentials, notably because their initial qualifications are not recognised in their host countries. The limited validity of educational achievements is often identified as the main cause of the relatively unfavourable labour market outcomes of highly skilled migrants, who tend to be concentrated in the least prestigious employment sectors and to bare an unequal share of precarious jobs. In this article, we adopt a slightly different approach to this issue, by focussing on the professional and personal trajectories of migrants who acquired education credentials in their host country. Although previous research has stressed the difficulties faced by non-EU students in Swiss HE institutions, both in terms of successfully completing their educational programme and in finding qualified jobs afterwards, the aim of the article is to better understand the gender dynamics that are associated with post-graduation employment trajectories. By examining the employment outcomes of Peruvian graduates, from Swiss Higher Education (HE) institutions, we are able to reveal the influence of educational credentials on their subsequent life-course is mediated by events in other life spheres. Using a gender-sensitive approach, we analyse the effects of legal barriers and family dynamics on the employment trajectories of migrant graduates. We show that obtaining a Swiss HE qualification is rarely enough to guarantee access to the upper reaches of the Swiss labour market. In most cases, such qualifications need to be combined with marriage to a Swiss (or EU) citizen before these highly qualified migrants are able to settle legally in the host country and start a career that is congruent to their educational credentials. However, the family reunification route into legal residency is not without its own hazards. For women in particular, it may cancel out some of the advantages associated with having a Swiss qualification and lead to precarious or under-qualified positions on the labour market.

COVID-19 vaccination in the United States has stalled, with some of the lowest rates in the South. Vaccine hesitancy is a primary contributor and may be influenced by health literacy (HL). This study assessed the association between HL and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a population residing in 14 Southern states. Cross-sectional study using a web-based survey conducted between February and June 2021. The outcome was vaccine hesitancy, and the main independent variable was HL, assessed as an index score. Descriptive statistical tests were performed, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, controlling for sociodemographic and other variables. Of the total analytic sample (n = 221), the overall rate of vaccine hesitancy was 23.5%. Vaccine hesitancy was more prevalent in those with low/moderate HL (33.3%) vs those with high HL (22.7%). The association between HL and vaccine hesitancy, however, was not significant. Personal perception of COVID-19 threat was significantly associated with lower odds of vaccine hesitancy compared with those without perception of threat (adjusted odds ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.73; P = .0189). The association between race/ethnicity and vaccine hesitancy was not statistically significant (P = .1571). HL was not a significant indicator of vaccine hesitancy in the study population, suggesting that general low rates of vaccination in the Southern region may not be due to knowledge about COVID-19. This indicates a critical need for place-based or contextual research on why vaccine hesitancy in the region transcends most sociodemographic differences.

How are employment and family experiences simultaneously linked to the timing of retirement? Based on a life course perspective, this article aims to understand the way in which different work and family statuses accumulated throughout adult life, lead to early, on-time, or late withdrawals from the labor market. We focused on Switzerland, a country characterized by a liberal and flexible pension structure that provides widespread institutional mechanisms for both early and late retirement. Using longitudinal methods such as multichannel sequence analysis and event history analysis, we have created types of interlocked employment and family trajectories from age 20 to 57, and estimated their effects on the risk of retirement after age 58. The data come from the retrospective survey SHARELIFE, focused on ageing topics. The results show particularly that whereas early and “on-time” retirement is not likely for individuals—mostly women—with trajectories characterized by housework responsibilities, part-time jobs, and investments only in the public pension fund, late retirement is associated with the absence of a partner’s financial support. In the conclusion, we argue that the Swiss retirement institution should consider alternative mechanisms to offer more balanced retirement opportunities to its citizens, especially to those following less advantaged employment–family trajectories.