Abstract

Islamic law’s attention to people with mental disabilities has not been well formulated. This is due to the complexity of the discourse and development of mental disabilities today while the concept of disability formulated by previous scholars is still very simple. The question is, how is the formulation of Islamic law friendly to people with mental disabilities today? A fresh formulation is needed to accommodate those with mental disabilities. Two ushūlī concepts, namely the concept of Ahliyyah and the concept of Maslahah, can be the framework and method of istinbāth in determining the rules of Islamic law for persons with mental disabilities. They must be viewed in terms of capability (ahliyyah) so as not to deprive them of their rights as human beings, but these rights must also not exceed the limits that are contrary to maslahah, so assistance and support are needed in making decisions in Islamic law for them. Perhatian bagi penyandang disabilitas mental ini terabaikan dibandingkan kelompok penyandang disabilitas fisik. Hukum Islam bagi penyandang disabilitas fisik sudah terumuskan dengan baik namun tidak demikian dengan hukum bagi disabilitas mental. Hal ini dikarenakan kompleksitas diskursus dan perkembangan disabilitas mental masa kini sementara konsep disabilitas yang dirumuskan oleh para ulama terdahulu masih sangat sederhana. Pertanyaannya adalah, bagaimana rumusan hukum Islam yang ramah bagi para penyandang disabilitas mental saat ini? Perlu rumusan segar agar dapat mengakomodir mereka yang mengalami disabilitas mental. Dua konsep ushūlī yakni konsep Ahliyyah serta konsep Maslahah dapat menjadi kerangka besar dan metode istinbāth dalam menentukan aturan-aturan hukum Islam bagi penyandang disabilitas mental. Hasilnya mereka harus dipandang dari sisi kecakapan (ahliyyah) supaya tidak menghilangkan hak mereka sebagai manusia, akan tetapi hak tersebut juga tidak boleh melampaui batas yang justru bertentangan dengan maslahah, maka dibutuhkan pendampingan dan dukungan dalam pengambilan keputusan dalam hukum Islam bagi mereka.

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