FEATURES PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION OF RED-FLESH APPLE VARIETIES

Abstract

In the changing conditions of Transcarpathia, red-soft varieties provide high productivity and are less affected by diseases, which will provide a biologically clean technology for their cultivation. Most apples of red pulp varieties at first glance do not differ from the total weight of the fruit. Era apples do not have an intense skin color, but an intense color of the pulp. Fruits of Siren, Odysio, Baia Marissa red with different intensity of placement of lentils and rusting with white edging. Assessing the structure of the flower, it should be noted that almost each has additional pistils and highly developed anthers, which promotes self-pollination. All varieties are characterized by dark pink flowers with very abundant flowering. Rings are formed not only on short biennial branches, but also annual, which should be taken into account when pruning and normalization of flowering. Among the studied varieties, the Baia Marisa variety is the tastiest and with an intense color. It has a red flesh color due to the presence of a special pigment "anthocyanin", which destroys harmful bacteria in the human body and strengthens the immune system. The amount of anthocyanins is 2 times higher than in ordinary apples. Therefore, we offer it for widespread implementation in the production of dietary food. Assessing the economic and biological indicators, it is established that the load on the trees of the third and fourth year of fruiting is quite high with the formation of high quality apples in spite of the critical conditions of 2020. The average number of fruits per tree was up to 60 apples weighing from 188 to 203 g, which provided a high yield of Baia Marisa 33.7 t/ ha in 2019 and the lowest in 2020 30.5 t / ha. The lowest yield in 2019 was characterized by the Odisio variety, which yielded only 29.8 t / ha against 31.2 t / ha in 2020. Measuring biometric indicators, the required height of trees in the fourth year of vegetation was established. The height of the trees of the studied varieties was about 300 cm, except for the variety Sirena, whose trees reached an average of no more than 285 cm in 2019 and an increase in height by 20-25 cm in 2020. The diameter of the trunk is the best in the variety Sirena (232 mm) with the best growth during the year. In terms of the number of annual shoots, the Era variety is in the lead (58 pieces) and the average length of annual growth is 61 cm in two years of comparative evaluation. In difficult climatic conditions, new varieties with red crumbs stood out, the yield of which averaged over the above period 30t / ha of high quality fruit, which provided a selling price of 45-64 UAH. The level of profitability from the cultivation of these varieties was 167 256%. Efficiency indicators depended on the form of product delivery, sales and time of maximum sales. Such products are designed for sale in gift packaging with juices during the Christmas holidays, sale to restaurants for culinary decoration of meat and desserts. Keywords: apple tree, red pulp varieties, productivity, economically valuable traits, economic efficiency