FEATURES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF ISOTHERMAL PRESSING BLISKS

The article presents the results of an experimental study of the influence of temperature, relative humidity of the surrounding environment, as well as the coefficient of electromechanical action on the process of determining ultra-low power electric fields. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to establish the most rational conditions for determining the force (electrical tension) and energy (distribution of surface charge and electric capacity) parameters of such fields with higher accuracy and reliability. The paper proposes an experimental experiment to establish the accuracy and reliability of power and energy parameters for determining electric fields under conditions of changes in climatic factors and the electromechanical coefficient, the implementation of which took place on a measuring stand developed with the participation of the authors. The main element of such a measuring stand is an automatic device for determining, collecting and processing information on the distribution of power and energy parameters of the electric field under the sensitive element of the measuring transducer. The results obtained as a result of the experimental research made it possible to establish that the coefficient of electromechanical influence has a decisive influence on the accuracy of measuring electric fields of ultra-low power. It is shown that an increase in the coefficient of electromechanical influence from 38 pN/V (silicon <111>) to 190 pN/V (PZT-8 piezoelectric ceramics) leads to an increase in the relative error of electric field determination by 4.7%. It was established that reducing the temperature to 20 °C while maintaining the relative humidity from 38 % to 74 % leads to a decrease in the relative error by 1.5-2.2 %. At the same time, a decrease in temperature with a simultaneous decrease in relative humidity leads to an increase in the reliability of the determination of electric fields (so, the probability of error-free measurement of power and energy parameters of electric fields increases by 18 %). A comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method with the results obtained by atomic force microscopy method (in the mode of measuring the leakage currents from the working areas of the investigated surfaces) was carried out, which showed a strong positive correlation between these results, which confirms the objectivity of the proposed method and the adequacy of the obtained results. The conclusions and analyzed data obtained in the article based on the results of experimental studies can be used to create a system of automatic error correction and instability determination of power and energy parameters of ultra-low power electric fields, taking into account limiting external influences.

Operation of shaft furnaces for lime burning in the required technological mode to a great extent is effected by reliability and technical abilities of their finished product unloading systems. A system proposed for unloading a shaft furnace for lime burning, enabling to deliver in a stable mode crashed material providing it has large sintered pieces. The system includes a stationary round table, located symmetrically relating the vertical axis of the furnace body under the conical collector exit opening. The table has four semi-round scraper knives connected by hinges with four pushing rods, acting by drive hydraulic cylinders. Alternately one pair of cylinders is working for pushing, the other – for pulling the rods. It results in the scraper knives making turn motions relatively the table, rolling along its edge and pushing off it bulk material by their back round part. To design a pilot sample of the proposed unloading system for shaft burning furnace, a methodology was elaborated to calculate its power parameters. The methodology takes into account the technological loads, arising at the realization of the process of measured delivery of the burnt lime from the furnace. The proposed methodology enables to determine the required values of pressure and consumption of oil station working liquid. The oil station provide operation of the cinematically interconnected four hydraulic cylinders, which make the two pair of scraper knives moving along a set trajectory on the table surface of the furnace to deliver from it the bulk material. The rightness of the technical solutions applied to the design of the elaborated shaft furnace unloading system as well as the correctness of the proposed theoretical dependences used for calculation of its energy and power parameters, were confirmed by the experiments. The experiments were carried out at an operating physical model, manufactured in the scale 1:10 to the natural facility.

The article presents the relevance of the research. The features of the work of the executive body of geokhod are given. A previously developed mathematical model for determining the power and energy parameters of the interaction of the knife executive body of the geokhod with the face rock is presented. On the basis of the model, a study was carried out of the influence of the pitch of the external mover on the power and energy parameters of the interaction of the knife executive body of the geokhod with the bottomhole rock. As a result of the study, it was found that the power parameters increase with increase in the step of the external mover, and the energy parameters decrease.

Existing designs of screw working bodies of transport and processing machines cannot always provide the required performance and avoid overloading, which causes deformation and damage to parts of the mechanisms. Thus, it is necessary to establish new efficient screw working bodies that would ensure the execution of the technological process. The purpose of the study was to substantiate and explore the design and methodology for calculating the main structural-power parameters of the developed screw loader, to synthesise screw loaders using the method of morphological analysis to obtain designs of mechanisms with better technical and economic characteristics. The methods of surface theory, analytical and differential geometry, computer graphics and mathematics were used to conduct the research. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the designs of screw conveyors with hopper loading and screw conveyors with nozzle loading are presented. In addition, a classification of loaders for screw transport and technological mechanisms is presented. The dependencies for calculating the design of screw conveyor loaders are determined. The synthesis of loaders and mixers by the method of morphological analysis was performed to obtain designs of mechanisms with the best technical and economic characteristics and competitive designs of mechanisms were established. A system of coding and synthesis of structural elements and mechanisms of screw implements with improved technological properties is proposed, and competitive designs of screw implement that perform technological processes efficiently and effectively are selected. A methodology for calculating the main structural and power parameters of a screw loader has been developed, which allows for determining the parameters of a screw loader. The materials of the research can be used in further studies of screw conveyors and, in particular, screw loaders to determine their design, technological, energy and power parameters

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of the fuel additive „VIF Super diesel additive winter mixture“ on the observed parameters of a vehicle with a diesel engine. The effect of the additive was investigated on Citroën C4 with a 1.6 HDi engine with a mileage of over 159,000 km. The testing of the effect of the additive took place in laboratory conditions on a cylindrical stool. The test vehicle’s exhaust gas treatment system included an exhaust gas recirculation, an oxidation catalyst, and a particulate filter. The power, energy (fuel consumption), and emission (NO x , k -value, smokiness in %) parameters of the vehicle were monitored without the additive, after adding the additive to the fuel, and then after driving 3600 km with the additive. We found a small increase in vehicle power after driving 3600 km with the additive by 1.86%, a slight reduction in fuel consumption by 4.2%, and a significant decrease in emission parameters. The NO x emissions were reduced by 9.96% after the first measurement with the additive and after the second measurement with the additive by 8.64%. The smokiness expressed by the absorption correction factor decreased after 3600 km with the additive by 35.48%, and the smokiness expressed as a percentage decreased by 33.8%. The overall impact of the additive on the power, energy, and emission parameters of the tested vehicle after analysis is evaluated as positive.

A mathematical model of heterogeneous electrochemical supercapacitors (HES) is proposed which makes it possible to develop capacitors with optimal designs and make calculations of their energy, capacity, and power parameters. Special attention is paid to the processes which occur in electrodes with double electric layer (DEL) of HES capacitors during their charge and discharge by different currents. It is demonstrated theoretically that in the efficiency of HES capacitors’ operation, an important role is played by distribution of the potential along the thickness of electrodes with DEL. In order to build capacitors with improved parameters and optimal design, it is of paramount importance to take account of the type and value of conductivity of the material of the electrode with DEL and conductivity of the electrolyte in its pores. Analysis is performed to determine the efficiency of system capacitors’ operation subject to thickness, conductivity, and specific capacitance of the electrode with DEL. It is established that energy and capacity parameters of the capacitors depend to a great extent on conductivity of their negative electrodes and electrolytes. It is demonstrated that there are different mechanisms of losses of energy and charge of the capacitors during their charge, discharge, and storage.

On the basis of the analysis of experimental data the dependence of the main quantitative indicators for the steel surfaces that are nitrided in the glow discharge from discharge energy parameters - current density and voltage on the electrodes of the camera. Found that reducing energy parameters leads to change the phase composition of the modified surface and to reduce the depth of the nitrided layer thickness of the nitride surface area and micro hardness. Proved incorrect application of multivariate experimental design methods in the study of the process of nitriding in a glow discharge of interdependent regime and power parameters

Power quality monitoring has become a standard task in electrical network management. The standards currently in place provide minimum requirements, since they want to create a level playing field that allows analyzers from different manufacturers to give the same results. It is good idea in concept, but it also acts as double edged sword. Manufacturers design their product to comply with these standards but typically do not provide data and measurements that would allow power quality analysis to go beyond current capabilities. To follow the guidelines set out by various standards and record faults or disturbances, today's meters rely solely on event-based triggers. While this method provides engineers with some information regarding an event, it does not allow for full analysis of all power parameters leading up to an event, during an event or how the overall network recovers after an event. Further, due to limitations in memory storage, it is likely that even the data captured by such recording method(s) will not capture all of the 'true' power and energy parameters. In a majority of cases, these limitations prevent power quality phenomena from being truly solved and prevent solutions that will eliminate future recurrence. This paper will highlight case studies of power quality troubleshooting that was not capable of solving the power quality problem with measurements simply taken to comply with standards. It will further show that by providing engineers with data beyond the standards, an unprecedented number of power quality events can not only be captured, but are definitively solved.

The standards currently in place provide minimum requirements, since they want to create a level playing field that allows analyzers from different manufacturers to give the same results. It is good idea in concept, but it also acts as double edged sword. Manufacturers design their product to comply with these standards but typically do not provide data and measurements that would allow power quality analysis to go beyond current capabilities. To follow the guidelines set out by various standards and record faults or disturbances, today's meters rely solely on event-based triggers. While this method provides engineers with some information regarding an event, it does not allow for full analysis of all power parameters leading up to an event, during an event or how the overall network recovers after an event. Further, due to limitations in memory storage, it is likely that even the data captured by such recording method(s) will not capture all of the 'true' power and energy parameters. In a majority of cases, these limitations prevent power quality phenomena from being truly solved and prevent solutions that w ill eliminate future recurrence. This paper will highlight genuine case studies of Power Quality troubleshooting that was not capable of solving the Power Quality problem with measurements simply taken to comply with standards. It w ill further show that by providing engineers with data beyond the standards, an unprecedented number of Power Quality events can not only be captured, but are definitively solved.

The variety of possible technical solutions testifies the possibility of fairly wide prospects for further improvement of technologies and equipment for hot rolling of high-quality strip profiles. The implementation of theoretical approaches is thought to be the priority to ensure the economy of material resources when conducting scientific research. As for the results of experimental research, they are aimed at clarifying the initial preconditions, assessing the degree of the obtained theoretical solutions reliability and testing the practical recommendations gained on their basis. The results of experimental studies confirmed the significant influence of the degree of kinematic asymmetry of the rolling process. Based on the results of the processes of hot flattening and rolling in accelerating gauges experimental studies, the three-dimensional nature of the metal plastic flow has been confirmed and new schemes for strip rolling calibrating rolls have been developed.

The simulation of proton Spread-Out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs) was implemented using the Geant4-based TOPAS Monte Carlo software. Dynamic proton energy switching was implemented using TOPAS time features, while beam weights were calculated using an empirical power law formalism with Bragg peaks spaced by 0.5 mm. To find power parameters yielding flat SOBPs we sampled power parameters for maximum kinetic energies of 50 MeV to 250 MeV and SOBP widths of 15% to 40% of the depth of the distal SOBP end. Simulations were run in a 50 cm cubic water phantom using a uniform squared proton beam. Depth dose was scored along the central axis in a binned cylinder with 1 cm diameter in 2.5 mm increments. Power parameters yielding a flat SOBPs were found to vary with, both energy and SOBP width and differed significantly from previously reported values based on simulations with MCNPX.

The aim of the work is to assess the factors that determine the effectiveness of devices used at different stages of ore processing. The nature of the destruction at each stage is determined by different parameters, therefore, it is so important to search for information factors that allow evaluating the response of mineral raw materials to external influences at the stages of ore preparation. The research methodology is based on the analysis of energy and power factors, which can be correlated both with the loading device and with the body being destroyed. Force factors characterize the response of a material to damaging effects, for example, the limiting amount of resistance to deformation is estimated by the force at which the destruction occurred. The results of the analysis of the role of energy and power factors are given on the example of a selfgrinding mill, a centrifugal crusher, and others. The effectiveness of the self-grinding mill is determined by the ratio of energy and power parameters in the processes of ore lumps kinetic energy conversion into the energy of elastic and breaking strains of the crushable (and crushing) material. It is shown that 88 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 the efficiency of centrifugal crushers is ensured by the high intensity of collisions of a multitude of particles, which initially possess excess kinetic energy. In devices such as a roller-press or a cone inertial crusher, the final phase of destruction is associated with volumetric deformation of the layer. This means that the final stages of destruction are completely determined by the structural and strength characteristics of the feedstock and its particle size distribution. The field of application of the presented results are technologies in which the liberation of minerals during ore destruction is considered as a process of structure transformation based on the principles of rational ore preparation. The properties of ores, energy and force factors are important informational parameters of the analysis and selection of methods of destruction during the liberation of minerals. Examples of successful and unsuccessful use of a roller press as a device for reducing the energy consumption for ore preparation are explained within the framework of ideas about the relationship between energy and power factors.

The human body is a source of multiple types of energy, such as mechanical, thermal and biochemical, which can be scavenged through appropriate technological means. Mechanical vibrations originating from contraction and expansion of the radial artery represent a reliable source of displacement to be picked up and exploited by a harvester. The continuous monitoring of physiological biomarkers is an essential part of the timely and accurate diagnosis of a disease with subsequent medical treatment, and wearable biosensors are increasingly utilized for biomedical data acquisition of important biomarkers. However, they rely on batteries and their replacement introduces a discontinuity in measured signals, which could be critical for the patients and also causes discomfort. In the present work, the research into a novel 3D-printed wearable energy harvesting platform for scavenging energy from arterial pulsations via a piezoelectric material is described. An elastic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film, which forms an air chamber between the skin and the piezoelectric disc electrode, was introduced to provide better adsorption to the skin, prevent damage to the piezoelectric disc and electrically isolate components in the platform from the human body. Computational fluid dynamics in the framework of COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 software was employed to perform a series of coupled time-varying simulations of the interaction among a number of associated physical phenomena. The mathematical model of the harvester was investigated computationally, and quantification of the output energy and power parameters was used for comparisons. A prototype wearable platform enclosure was designed and manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The influence of the piezoelectric disc material and its diameter on the electrical output were studied and various geometrical parameters of the enclosure and the TPU film were optimized based on theoretical and empirical data. Physiological data, such as interdependency between the harvester skin fit and voltage output, were obtained.

The value of metal resistance against plastic deformation is an important parameter at designing of technological equipment and plastic deformation modes, since it determines considerably energy and power parameters during rolling process. Usually it is represented as dependence on deformation rate, value of accumulated deformation and temperature at which the deformation takes place. Application of such dependences usually gives a satisfactory coincidence with experimental data. However, the perfection of the rolling processes results in increase requirements to the calculation accuracy of the deformation parameters, including the value of metal resistance against plastic deformation. At the production of metal products and pipes, the processes in which a metal is subjected to multiple deformation, are widely used. One of the ways to increase the calculation accuracy of the value of metal resistance against deformation is the accounting of metal softening between their stages. Calculation of variation of the metal resistance value presented, accounting and without accounting the softening during pipes rolling at a mandrel in a four-stand continuous mill. It was shown that the softening could have a significant influence on the value of metal resistance against plastic deformation. Accounting the softening and various processes taking place along both the roller pass perimeter and the mill length, gives an actual picture of stress and deformation state of metal.

It is known that vibration machines have become wide-spread for the intensification of various technological processes and are considered to be the technologies of the future. The vibration effect is intended to provide such a dynamic state of the processed medium which contributes to the intensification and high-quality flow of the technological process while simultaneously reducing energy and power parameters. This study concerns the relevance and brief analysis of grain cleaning equipment for intensifying the process of separation of grain material. In relation to a sieve grain cleaning machine, the technological process of separating the grain mixture on a sieve is presented in the form of a block diagram which is characterized by establishing patterns between input and output parameters. Thus, for a flat sieve of a grain cleaning machine that performs transverse vibrations, the physical model and kinematics of the sieve are considered which are clearly presented in the form of drawings. The main assumptions adopted for the theoretical determination of the parameters characterizing the process of movement of the separated material along a flat sieve performing transverse vibrations are presented. It is considered that a flat sieve with mass m is acted upon by such forces as the elastic force of the spring Fsp and the disturbing force F(t). The acting forces are described in detail and the differential equation of motion of such a flat sieve is drawn up. The dependence was obtained that determined the displacement of a flat sieve in the direction of the x axis. After twofold differentiation of the dependence and the adopted notation, the equations for determining the speed and acceleration of oscillation of a flat sieve performing transverse oscillations were finally obtained. It has been determined that the transverse vibration of a flat sieve consists of free and forced vibrations.