FDM 4D printing: A low-cost approach of shape programming and assessing the shape memory properties using angle measurement methods in hot water actuation testing apparatus

Abstract

With the advent of four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, manufactured components may adapt their form, size, or properties in response to external stimuli. This new 4D printing technology has opened several doors in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most common and cost-effective 3D printing procedures for making components out of shape-memory polymers. It is well known that programming and training are required for the 4D printing process. This work reports crucial programming methodologies that can be applied to FDM 4D printing. A detailed angle measurement scheme and the hot water actuation apparatus have been reported and discussed. This can be used to measure shape morphing in a folding or bending actuator for a variety of multifaceted applications. The angle measurement scheme presented allows for the accurate measurement of the degree of bending without causing any damage to the actuator and for real-time feedback regarding how much shape-morphing has taken place. In addition, the hot water actuation apparatus can provide high accuracy in controlling the bending angle with a simple setup. This apparatus provides a reliable and cost-effective solution to obtaining accurate bending angle measurements. Finally, when it comes to accurately measuring the shape morphing in a bending actuator, the combination of the various programming methodologies, angle measurement scheme, and hot water actuation apparatus offers a number of advantages.