Abstract
This paper presents different forms of Fast Active Power Injection (FAPI) control schemes for the analysis and development of different mitigation measures to address the frequency stability problem due to the growth of the penetration level of the Power Electronic Interfaced Generation (PEIG) in sustainable interconnected energy systems. Among the studied FAPI control schemes, two different approaches in the form of a derivative-based control and a virtual synchronous power (VSP) based control for wind turbine applications are also proposed. All schemes are attached to the PEIG represented by a generic model of wind turbines type 4. The derivative-based FAPI control is applied as an extension of the droop based control scheme, which is dependent on the measurement of the network frequency. By contrast, the proposed VSP-based FAPI is fed by the measurement of the active power deviation. Additionally, unlike existing approaches for virtual synchronous machines, which are characterized by high-order transfer functions, the proposed VSP-based FAPI is defined by a second-order transfer function, which can contribute to fast mitigation of the system primary frequency deviations during containment period. The Great Britain (GB) test system, for the Gone-Green planning scenario for the year 2030 (GG2030), is used to evaluate the effects of the proposed FAPI controllers on the dynamics of the system frequency within the frequency containment period. Thanks to proposed FAPI controllers, it is possible to reach up to 70% for the share of wind power generation without violating the threshold limits for frequency stability. For verification purposes, a full-scale wind turbine facilitated with each FAPI controller is tested in EMT real-time simulation environment.
Highlights
T HE frequency of interconnected systems can deviate from its scheduled values when the network is exposed by different types of contingencies, e.g. the sudden loss of a generation unit and/or a large increment of power demand
The RMS model of the Great Britain (GB) test system is implemented to assess the impact of the Fast Active Power Injection (FAPI) controllers in providing the mitigation measures for determining the maximum achievable share of wind power generation in GB
This goal can be achieved by using the derivative or the virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPI controls
Summary
T HE frequency of interconnected systems can deviate from its scheduled values when the network is exposed by different types of contingencies, e.g. the sudden loss of a generation unit and/or a large increment of power demand. The methods based on the droop control are easy to implement and may allow achieving good damping with an acceptable frequency recovery time Their main improvement will be on Nadird value and not in the ROCOF [19], [20]. For suppressing the primary frequency response especially during the containment period, different forms of FAPI control schemes with two new propositions are presented and discussed These are implemented in the form of a derivative-based FAPI control and a virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPI controller. Following the logic shown, in case the measured frequency goes up to fth or if the total allowed duration of IE (Timx ) is reached, the FAPI will be deactivated by selecting a zero gain as the output reference power, Pemuin, of the controller. Like stored energy in DC link (Embedded capacitors) are good candidates for providing energy
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