Abstract
Failure of pregnancy in ruminants is a substantial source of economic loss around the world. A small number of abortions shouldbe expected even in a healthy herd or flock. Identification of the cause can be challenging and often requires extensive laboratorydiagnostic support. Success requires an accurate history, and a complete tissue sample collection, including placenta and serumfrom the dam. Testing on more than a single case in an outbreak may be necessary. Multiple bacterial, viral, and protozoal agentshave a role and there are also noninfectious causes such as vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and intoxications.
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