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Abstract
Determining pregnancy failures in horses and camelids is approached as a diagnostic investigation of an individual animal. Itbegins with the preliminary discussion around expectations of the investigation and apparently, diagnostic success rate is highin horses. However, diagnostic success in camelids is low. General approach from a pathology point of view is to identify severalof noninfectious fetal and fetal membranes’ lesions and then determine the potential infectious causes; agents include viruses,eubacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Bacterial and fungal infections are mostly ascending infections whereas viral and protozoal aresystemic infections. When an infectious cause is excluded, the focus is directed on potential noninfectious causes and particularlythose with detectible lesions. Maternal evaluation, specifically, via endometrial biopsy and examination of fetus and fetal membranes(including umbilical cord) in horses, normally provide an explanation for noninfectious failure of pregnancy in severalcircumstances. Special attention should be given to fetal thyroid gland, tracheal contents, and musculoskeletal system, particularly,the medulla of long bones. In horses, noninfectious failure of pregnancy with no lesions (idiopathic abortion) is observed in asmall percentage of cases. In camelids, it is a common ‘diagnosis.’
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