Abstract
Background Poor self-management in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) leads to increased diabetes complications. Factors associated with self-management in T1DM and T2DM may differ due to the different methods for controlling blood glucose. Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the associations of modifiable physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors and the nonmodifiable factor of age with overall self-management, diet, exercise, blood glucose testing (BGT), foot care, and smoking in adults with T1DM or T2DM. Methods In this cross-sectional, correlational study, data were collected from adults with T1DM (n = 64; mean age, 51.2 years) or T2DM (n = 84; mean age, 62.5 years) using REDCap in 2023 and were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Results Older age, lower body mass index, and stronger knowledge in T1DM (F 10,53 = 2.290, P = .026, R 2 = 0.302), and lower body mass index and higher levels of self-efficacy in T2DM were associated with better overall self-management (F 10,73 = 3.219, P = .002, R 2 = 0.306). Different combinations of age, body mass index, knowledge, resilience, and self-esteem were associated with different components of self-management, including diet, BGT, and foot care, in T1DM, whereas different combinations of body mass index, knowledge, self-efficacy, and depressive symptoms were associated with different components of self-management, including diet, exercise, and BGT, in T2DM. Conclusions Factors associated with self-management differed based on types of diabetes and components of self-management. Clinicians need to consider the 2 types of diabetes and distinct factors associated with each component of self-management to improve it.
Published Version
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