Factors Affecting Beef Volume Imports From Australia

This study examined the effect of monetary policy on the socio-economic welfare of Nigerians between1980 and 2021 from three perspectives: income, health and education. We assessed the short and long run effects of six monetary policy variables (lending rate, savings deposit rate, liquidity ratio, monetary policy rate, loan deposit ratio and private sector credit to gross domestic product ratio) and inflation (control variable on three different socio-economic welfare variables (gross domestic product per capita, child mortality rate and primary and secondary school enrolment) during the study period.Results of the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique show thatrevealed interest rate, liquidity rate and private sector credit have negative and significant effect on the per capita income while savings deposit rate, monetary policy rate, loan deposit rate and inflationhvesa positive and significant on per capita income. In the long run liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate have significant positive effect on income per capita while the ratio of private sector credit to GDP has a significant negative effect on it. Inflation has a positive but insignificant effect on per capita income. Furthermore, in the short run, all the selected monetary policy variables have significant effects on child mortality rate. While the effect of interest rate, liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate is negative, that of savings deposit rate, loan deposit ratio, private sector credit and inflation is positive. On the long run, interest rate, private sector credit and inflation have positive effect on child mortality but whereas the effect of interest rate is insignificant, the other two have significant effect. Regarding number of school enrolment, in the short run, interest rate has a negatively significant effect while liquidity ratio, loan deposit ratio and inflation have direct positive effect on it. Savings deposit rate has an insignificant positive effect on it while private sector credit has a negative insignificant effect on it. On the long run, interest rate, private sector credit and inflation have an insignificant positive effect on the number of primary and secondary school enrolment. Savings deposit rate, monetary policy rate and loan deposit ratio have insignificant negative effect on it. The effect of liquidity ratio is significantly positive. The study concluded that monetary policy has significant effect the socio-economic welfare life of Nigerians both in the short and long run. The study recommends the sustenance of the existing liquidity ratio and monetary policy rate due to their favourable effects on the people’s welfare.

The study sought to examine the determinants domestic bonds in Ghana using secondary data. The researcher used the Government of Ghana bonds issued in 2013 to 2017 and has not matured by 31st December 2019. A sample of 6 Government of Ghana bonds which have been on the secondary market for at least two years with a tenor of at least three years was used by the researcher. Based on the stationary and the existence on cointegration vectors, the study investigated long and short run effects using ARDL (1,0,1,1,1,1) and ARDL (1,2,2,2,2,2) Error Correction Models respectively. The E-Views version 11 was used to conduct the analysis. It was found that GDP had a long run insignificant positive effect on Ghana Government Bond Prices, but a short run significant positive effect on Ghana Government Bond Prices. The second major finding was that Exchange Rate had a significant positive effect on Ghana Government Bond Prices in the long run, but this significant effect was negative in the short run. Thirdly, it was revealed that inflation had a significant negative effect on Ghana Government Bond Prices both in the long and short run. Risk Free Rate of Return had a significant negative effect in the long run but had insignificant effect in the short run. Monetary Policy Rate had significant positive effects in the long and short run. It was concluded that increases in Exchange Rate, Gross Domestic Products and monetary policy led to corresponding increases in the prices of government bonds while increases in Inflation, and Risk Free Rate of Return led to a decrease in the prices of Government bonds. In the short run, an increase in Exchange Rate and Inflation leads to a decrease in bond prices while an increase GDP, Risk Free Rate of Return and Monetary Policy Rate leads to a corresponding increase in bond prices. It is recommended that investors consider inflation, GDP, exchange rate, Risk Free Return and Monetary Policy, among other factors, when making decisions on the position to take in a bond as it determines bond prices. Policymakers should aim at working to achieving low inflation and exchange rate figures as that will increase bond prices and make it more attractive to foreign investors. It is also important that policy makers understand and manage effectively risk free bonds and the monetary policy as they have significant effects on the prices of government bonds.

The purpose of this study is to find the effect of the exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and the interest rate on Domestic Direct Investment (DDI) in Indonesia. This study uses multiple linear regression models and simple regression in the forms of semi-logarithmic. The data used are secondary data published by Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Statistics Board), in the period of 2000-2018. The results of the semi-logarithmic multiple regression analysis show that partially the Rupiah (IDR)/US $ exchange rate and GDP has a positive but insignificant effect on Domestic Direct Investment (DDI), inflation has a negative but insignificant effect on DDI, while the interest rate regression coefficient has a positive sign (not in accordance with theoretical expectation) and insignificant to DDI in Indonesia during the period of 2000-2018. However, the results of simple linear regression analysis show that the IDR/US $ exchange rate and GDP has a positive and significant effect on DDI in Indonesia in the period of 2000-2018. Each inflation and IDR/US $ exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on DDI in Indonesia during the period of 2000-2018. This study suggests that the government and policymakers of Indonesia need to assess the IDR exchange rate, GDP, inflation, and interest rate, so that they can increase domestic direct investment in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the effect of stock prices, trading volume, and variance of return on the bid-ask spread in companies that do stock splits listed on stock exchanges in Southeast Asia in 2018. In this study the sampling technique used was nonprobability purposive sampling so that produced a total of 248 companies with 26 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, 10 companies on the Philippines Stock Exchange, 56 companies on the Malaysia Stock Exchange, 18 companies on the Singapore Stock Exchange, 48 companies on the Thailand Stock Exchange and 90 companies on the Vietnam Stock Exchange. This study uses multiple regression methods using Eviews 10 to process data. The results of the study indicate that on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Philippine Stock Exchange, stock prices have no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Malaysia Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume and variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Singapore Stock Exchange, stock prices and trading volume have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and insignificant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Thailand Stock Exchange, stock prices have a negative and significant effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume and variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread. On the Vietnam Stock Exchange, stock prices have no significant negative effect on the bid-ask spread, trading volume has no significant positive effect on the bid-ask spread, variance returns have a positive and significant effect on the bid-ask spread.Keywords: Stock Price, Trading Volume, Variant Return, Bid-Ask Spread, Stock Split

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the capital structure of SMEs, by examining the effect of the independent variables of profitability, growth of opportunity, collateral, corporate tax, tax shield, non-debt tax shield, liquidity, earnings volatility, and cash flow volatility; to the capital structure of SMEs as the dependent variable. As for anticipation of bias, the study uses size, company age, GDP, interest rates, inflation, and market capitalization as control variables. The data used in this study is a combination of cross-sectional and time-series, which is called panel data. The number of samples in this study was 53 SMEs listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2020. The result of this study shows that profitability has a significant negative effect on DAR, but has no effect on DER. Growth of total assets has no effect on DAR and DER, growth of tangible assets has no effect on DAR and DER, and growth of market value has a significant positive effect on DAR, but has no effect on DER. Collateral harms DAR and DER. Corporate tax does not affect DAR but has a significant negative effect on DER. Tax shield has a significant negative effect on DAR and DER. Non-debt tax shield does not affect DAR but has a significant negative effect on DER. Liquidity has a significant negative effect on DAR and DER. Earnings volatility has a significant positive effect on DAR and DER. Cash flow volatility does not affect DAR and DER. Company size has a significant positive effect on DAR and DER. Company age has a significant positive effect on DAR but has a significant negative effect on DER, gross domestic product (GDP) has a significant positive effect on DAR and DER, loan interest rates do not affect DAR, but harm DER. Inflation has no effect on DAR but harms DER, and market capitalization has a significant negative effect on DAR and DER. This study implies that for investors, it is necessary to conduct a thorough assessment of financial performance and the factors that influence the capital structure before deciding to invest. A high capital structure can reduce potential profits and increase the risk of default. Thus, investors need to pay attention to the factors that have a negative and significant effect with a large level of influence on the capital structure, because if these factors increase, the capital structure will decrease. This will create efficient and effective use of capital and avoid the high cost of equity or cost of debt so that it can be utilized optimally to provide maximum benefits for SMEs and investors

<em>The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the International Coffee Price and Rupiah Exchange Rate toward Volume of Central Java Coffee Exports in period 2015-2019. The data used in this research is quantitative data. This study use secondary data which obtained by collecting data from some sources which relevant to this study such as Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Bank Indonesia, International Coffee Organization and others. Regarding the data period, the data in this study use monthly data of International Coffee Price and Rupiah Exchange Rate toward Volume of Central Java Coffee Exports in period 2015-2019 with total 60 data. The study explored with multiple linier regression statistical analysis, along with descriptive analysis and classical assumption test namely normality test, heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, and linearity test. The results showed that partially international coffee prices had a negative and significant effect on the volume of coffee exports in Central Java and the rupiah exchange rate had a negative and insignificant effect on the volume of coffee exports in Central Java. Meanwhile, the international coffee price and the rupiah exchange rate simultaneously have a significant effect on the volume of coffee exports in Central Java.</em>

This study aims to analyze the influence of financial indicators (CAR, FDR, BOPO, NIM, NPF) and non-financial (number of bank offices, market share, GCG, CSR) on profitability that is proxied by Return on Assets (ROA) of Islamic Banks in 2014 -2018. The data source used is secondary data from 2014-2018. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and the classic assumption test. Findings. The results of the study are that CAR does not have a significant negative effect. FDR does not have a significant negative directional effect. BOPO has a significant negative effect. NIM has a positive positive significant effect. NPF has a significant negative effect. The number of bank offices has no significant positive effect. Market share does not have a significant negative directional effect. GCG does not have a significant negative effect. CSR has a significant negative effect. The adjusted R2 value is 73.21% while the remaining 26.79% is influenced by other variables outside the study so the researcher should further add other variables.

Foreign exchange reserves are assets of a central bank that are stored in foreign currencies such as dollars, euros, yen and are used for international trade and funding the country's economy. The size of the country's foreign exchange reserves depends on the strength of its exports and imports both oil and gas and non-oil and gas. Regarding the purpose of this study to analyze the allocation of oil and gas and non-oil gas trade to the volatility of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia, 1975-2016. This study used secondary data from the Badan Pusat Statistik and World Bank reports using quantitative analysis (multiple linear regression test). The results of the study show that non-oil exports and imports have a significant negative effect on the volatility of foreign exchange reserves. While for oil and gas exports and imports it has a negative and insignificant effect.

Economic growth is one of the indicators of successful development in an economy. One indicator of economic growth is the stock market. The stock market is a place where people with excess funds (investors) meet companies that need funds (issuers). The purpose of this research is: 1) To determine whether the inflation variable has a significant influence on the Composite Stock Price Index in 2014-2019. 2) To determine whether the BI Rate variable has a significant influence on the Composite Stock Price Index in 2014-2019. 3) To determine whether the Money Supply variable has an influence on the Composite Stock Price Index in 2014-2019. 4) To determine whether the exchange rate variable has a significant influence on the Composite Stock Price Index in 2014-2019. 5) To describe the magnitude of the shock generated by the variables of inflation, BI Rate, Money Supply, and exchange rate on the Composite Stock Price Index in 2014-2019. To identify these issues, this study is a quantitative research and uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to examine short-term relationships and employ cointegration tests to identify indications of long-term relationships. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that: 1) Based on the short-term VECM test, the estimated inflation variable has a positive but insignificant effect. Then, the long-term estimation results show that the inflation variable has a negative but insignificant effect on the IHSG variable. 2) The short-term estimation results for the BI Rate variable have a negative but insignificant effect on the IHSG. Then, the long-term estimation results show that the BI Rate variable has a negative but insignificant effect on the IHSG variable. 3) The Money Supply variable has a significant negative effect on the IHSG in the short term. The long-term estimation results show that the Jumlah Uang Beredar variable has a significant negative effect on the IHSG. 4) The short-term estimation results for the nilai tukar variable have a positive but insignificant effect on the IHSG. Then, the long-term estimation results show that the nilai tukar variable has a positive and significant effect on the IHSG. 5) Based on the IRF test to determine shocks on each variable, the BI Rate variable shows a tendency for thin shocks above the horizontal line, indicating that the BI Rate variable has a permanent positive impact.

This study attempts to explain the influence of the career system, motivation, and discipline on the performance of foundation lecturers at private tertiary institutions in the Province of Bali through job-insecurity. The objects of observation were four large private tertiary institutions in Denpasar, namely: Warmadewa University, National Education University, Mahasaraswati University, Ngurah Rai University, and Mahendradatta University. From the five universities, 40 foundation lecturers were selected, so the number of respondents = 200 foundation lecturers. The analytical method used is the structural equation model (SEM), with exogenous variables: career system, motivation and work discipline; endogenous variables: lecturer performance; and the intervening variable: job-insecurity. Research findings and results show that: (1) a good career system has a significant positive effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers; (2) motivation to become lecturers with higher quality has a significant positive effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers; (3) work discipline has no significant effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers; (4) the career system has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (5) motivation has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (6) work discipline has no significant effect on job-insecurity; and (7) job-insecurity has a significant negative effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers in Bali Province. (3) work discipline has no significant effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers; (4) the career system has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (5) motivation has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (6) work discipline has no significant effect on job-insecurity; and (7) job-insecurity has a significant negative effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers in Bali Province. (3) work discipline has no significant effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers; (4) the career system has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (5) motivation has a significant negative effect on job-insecurity; (6) work discipline has no significant effect on job-insecurity; and (7) job-insecurity has a significant negative effect on the performance of PTS foundation lecturers in Bali Province.

Lecturer performance is closely related to various factors such as inadequate competence of lecturers, weak organizational culture, low spiritual leadership and organizational behavior that is not suitable for improving lecturer performance. The objectives of this study are: (1) Testing and analyzing the positive and significant influence between lecturer competence, academic culture, spiritual leadership and organizational behavior simultaneously on lecturer performance; (2) Testing and analyzing the positive and significant influence between lecturer competence on lecturer performance; (3) Testing and analyzing the positive and significant influence between academic culture on lecturer performance; (4) Testing and analyzing the positive and significant influence between spiritual leadership on lecturer performance; (5) Testing and analyzing the positive and significant influence between organizational behavior on lecturer performance. The research method is a combination of sequential explanatory models or designs. The research sample was 140 lecturers. The data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression statistical analysis using the Social Sciences Program Statistics version 20. The results of this study were: (1) The simultaneous regression hypothesis was the Fcount of 254 and the Sig. shows that the probability value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05, this means that the independent variables, namely lecturer competence, academic culture, spiritual leadership and organizational behavior simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on lecturer performance; (2) The value of tcount 2.271 > ttable 1.978 and the value of Sig. variable X2 0.025 < 0.05, it can be concluded that the variable competence of lecturers has a significant positive effect on lecturer performance; (3) The value of tcount -1.023 < ttable 1.978, and the value of Sig. variable X3 0.308 > 0.05, it can be concluded that the academic culture variable has an insignificant negative effect on lecturer performance; (4) The value of tcount -1.115 < ttable 1.978 and the value of Sig. variable X4 0.267 > 0.05, it can be concluded that the spiritual leadership variable has an insignificant negative effect on lecturer performance; (5) The value of tcount 16.896 > ttable 1.978 and the value of Sig. variable X5 0.00 < 0.05, it can be concluded that the variable organizational behavior has a significant positive effect on lecturer performance.

This study aims to determine the effect of good corporate governance, intellectual capital, and capital adequacy ratio on financial performance with the Islamic social reporting index as an intervening variable. This research uses quantitative research by using multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis as data analysis. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique by setting several criteria so that there were 11 Islamic Commercial Banks that became the research sample. This study uses secondary data in the form of panel data at Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) for the 2015-2019 period. The data population in this study is BUS in Indonesia for the 2015-2019 period. Data processing using Eviews 9. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of board of commissioners meetings has a positive effect and the frequency of audit committee meetings has no significant negative effect, while Intellectual Capital, CAR and ISR have a significant positive effect on financial performance (ROA). The frequency of board of commissioners' meetings and CAR has a positive and insignificant effect, the frequency of audit committee meetings has a negative and insignificant effect, while Intellectual Capital has a positive and significant effect on the Islamic Social Reporting Index. The ISR index cannot mediate the effect of the frequency of board of commissioners meetings, the frequency of audit committee meetings, intellectual capital, and CAR on financial performance (ROA).

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Percapita Income, Inflation, Interest Rates and the Dependency Ratio on Total Public Savings and Economic Growth in Districts/Cities of Central Kalimantan Province. The method used in this study is path analysis with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 program. Path analysis is a method used to determine the direct and indirect relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable in the presence of a connecting variable. The data used in this study is a type of secondary data. Where these data are obtained from publications by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The results of this analysis show that percapita income directly has a positive and significant effect on the amount of people's savings. Inflation directly has a negative and insignificant effect on the amount of public savings. Interest rates directly have a positive and insignificant effect on the amount of people's savings. The dependency ratio has a direct and significant negative effect on the amount of people's savings. Percapita income directly has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. Inflation has a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. Interest rates have a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. The dependency ratio directly has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth. The amount of public savings has a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. Per capita income does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. Inflation does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. Interest rates indirectly do not affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. The dependency ratio does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings.

The development of the economy in Indonesia cannot be separated from the participation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), while the form of interaction between SMEs is seen by their participation as providers of employment and their contribution to gross domestic product. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of product innovation, process innovation, and management innovation on performance. Measuring the effect of innovation on performance and which indicator variables have an effect on performance. This study used a quantitative approach by involving 262 SMEs as a sample. The multiple linear regression analysis techniques with the SPSS 21 program were used to answer the hypothesis. The results obtained are product innovation that has a significant positive effect on performance, process innovation has a positive and insignificant effect on performance and management innovation has a significant negative effect on performance. The magnitude of the influence of the variable product innovation, innovation process, and management innovation on performance is still in a low category of 5.6% and the innovation variable has a dominant effect on the performance of SMEs.

This study aims to see the effect of NPL, LDR, CASA, GRDP and inflation on the profitability of 26 (twenty six) Regional Development Banks (BPD) throughout Indonesia which were presented in the form of ROA ratios for the period before the Covid pandemic in 2016 to 2019 and during the Covid pandemic from 2020 to 2021. The descriptive research method uses a quantitative approach with the data analysis method used i is panel data regression analysis. The type of data used is secondary data sourced from published financial reports of BPDs throughout Indonesia on the websites of each BPD, the Central Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia. This research got partial results before the Covid pandemic; NPL has a significant negative effect on ROA, LDR has no significant positive effect on. CASA has no significant positive effect on ROA. GRDP has no significant positive effect on ROA. Inflation has no significant negative effect on ROA. Simultaneously NPL, LDR, CASA, GRDP and inflation have a significant effect on ROA. Partial research results during the Covid pandemic; NPL has no significant negative effect on ROA. LDR has no significant positive effect on ROA. CASA has no significant positive effect on ROA. GRDP has no significant positive effect on ROA. Inflation has no significant negative effect on ROA. Simultaneously NPL, LDR, CASA, GRDP and inflation have no significant effect on ROA.