Abstract
In this study, co-metabolic degradation of monochlorophenols (2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP) by the Pseudomonas sp. CF600 strain in the presence of phenol, sodium benzoate, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as an additional carbon source as well as the survival of bacteria were investigated. Moreover, the changes in cellular fatty acid profiles of bacteria depending on co-metabolic conditions were analyzed. It was found that bacteria were capable of degrading 4-CP completely in the presence of phenol, and in the presence of all substrates, they degraded 2-CP and 3-CP partially. The highest 2-CP and 3-CP removal was observed in the presence of sodium benzoate. Bacteria exhibited three various dioxygenases depending on the type of growth substrate. It was also demonstrated that bacteria exposed to aromatic growth substrates earlier degraded monochlorophenols more effectively than unexposed cells. The analysis of fatty acid profiles of bacteria indicated the essential changes in their composition, involving alterations in fatty acid saturation, hydroxylation, and cyclopropane ring formation. The most significant change in bacteria exposed to sodium benzoate and degrading monochlophenols was the appearance of branched fatty acids. The knowledge from this study indicates that Pseudomonas sp. CF600 could be a suitable candidate for the bioaugmentation of environments contaminated with phenolic compounds.
Highlights
Developments in industry and agriculture would not be possible without chemical compounds, like solvents, wood preservatives, pesticides, dyes, or disinfectants
In order to examine the rate of degradation of P, sodium benzoate (SB), or 4-hydroksybenzoic acid (4-HB) and the induction of enzymes involved in the mineralization of these compounds, cells were adapted to each substrate by transferring them three successive times on the same substrate, using each time an initial cell number adjusted to 5 · 108 cells ml−1
In the step, SB, 4-HB, and P were tested as potential growth substrates in the co-metabolic degradation of 2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP
Summary
Developments in industry and agriculture would not be possible without chemical compounds, like solvents, wood preservatives, pesticides, dyes, or disinfectants. Large amounts of these compounds, especially monochlorophenols, are released into the environment as by-products of the pulp-bleaching process in the paper industry and the chlorination of wastewater and drinking water (Roy et al 2004; Ge et al 2006). Due to their acute toxicity, chlorophenols are considered to be priority pollutants by the World Health Organization (WHO), Unites States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the European Union (EU).
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