Extreme founder effect associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on the island of NIAS/Indonesia

Abstract

The island of Nias/Indonesia shows an extremely reduced genetic diversity indicating a strong founder effect. As a consequence, the prevalence of some disease genes should significantly differ among populations depending on the gene pool passed on to the founder population and their successive expansion as it has already been documented for several monogenic diseases. Results of the current study based on routine laboratory blood examination give rise to the notion that this might also hold true for polygenic disorders. We observed very high prevalence of hyperglycemia (non-fasting glucose above 200 mg/dL in 14 % Nias population compared to 1.5 % in the population of the neighboring island of Sumatra) accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia, high non-HDL-cholesterol, and low HDL-cholesterol levels. These findings suggest that the Nias population may be disproportionally affected by prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. By contrast, laboratory parameters potentially indicative of other polygenic disorders such as total plasma cholesterol, electrolytes, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were comparable between the inhabitants of Nias and Sumatra islands. To our knowledge this is the first study suggesting that the extremely strong genetic bottleneck seen in the Nias population translates into the widespread metabolic disease with potentially deleterious influence on public health.