Abstract
In July–August 2021, intense marine heatwaves (MHWs) occurred at the sea surface over extensive areas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, including the entire Sea of Japan and part of the Sea of Okhotsk. In extent and intensity, these MHWs were the largest since 1982, when satellite measurements of global sea surface temperatures started. The MHWs in summer 2021 were observed at the sea surface and occurred concomitantly with a stable shallow oceanic surface boundary layer. The distribution of the MHWs was strongly related to heat fluxes at the sea surface, indicating that the MHWs were generated mainly by atmospheric forcing. The MHWs started to develop after around 10 July, concurrent with an extreme northward shift of the atmospheric westerly jet. The MHWs developed rapidly under an atmospheric high-pressure system near the sea surface, associated with a northwestward expansion of the North Pacific Subtropical High. The MHWs exhibited peaks around 30 July to 1 August. Subsequently, following the southward displacement of the westerly jet, the MHWs weakened and then shrank abruptly, synchronously with rapid deepening of the oceanic surface boundary layer. By 18 August, the MHWs had disappeared.
Highlights
As generally defined, an extreme event occurs when the values of a weather or climate variable either exceed a threshold near the upper end of an observed range, or are lower than a threshold near the lower end [1]
Many extreme weather and climate events result from natural climate variability, but some extreme events have occurred as a result of anthropogenic climate change and ongoing global warming (e.g., [2,3,4])
The Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the northwestern Pacific occurred within a zonal band, between 38◦ N and 50◦ N and extending from 120◦ E to 170◦ W, including the marginal seas, that is, the northern part of the Yellow Sea, the whole of the Sea of Japan, and the southern half of the Sea of Okhotsk
Summary
An extreme event occurs when the values of a weather or climate variable either exceed a threshold near the upper end of an observed range, or are lower than a threshold near the lower end [1]. Many extreme weather and climate events result from natural climate variability, but some extreme events have occurred as a result of anthropogenic climate change and ongoing global warming (e.g., [2,3,4]). Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are an example of an extreme climate in an oceanic system [5,6,7]. From 1925 to 2016, the global average frequency and duration of MHWs increased by 34% and 17% respectively, resulting in a 54% increase in annual marine heatwave days [8]. It has been projected that these historical trends in MHW properties will continue over the coming decades under global warming caused by anthropogenic climate change [10]
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