Exploring the Combined Efficacy of Carvacrol and Friedelin against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Abstract

In the face of escalating antibiotic resistance, the quest for alternative therapeutic strategies against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria has become imperative. This study explores the combined efficacy of carvacrol and friedelin, derived from Nigella seed and Sweet violet extracts, against prevalent MDR bacteria implicated in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Employing a dose-dependent methodology across a spectrum of bacterial strains—E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia—our research evaluates the antibacterial potential of these natural compounds in comparison to conventional antibiotic treatments, notably ciprofloxacin. Results demonstrated a significant increase in zones of inhibition with methanolic extracts exhibiting superior activity, particularly against S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting a potent mechanism of action capable of targeting specific bacterial cell structures or metabolic pathways. Notably, at higher concentrations, these extracts outperformed ciprofloxacin, underscoring their potential as viable alternatives or adjuncts in combating bacterial infections. This study not only contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of plant-derived compounds against MDR bacteria but also underscores the urgency for further investigation into their mechanisms, safety, and clinical applications. Through this research, we affirm the significant potential of carvacrol and friedelin as foundational elements in developing new antimicrobial strategies to address the pressing challenge of antibiotic resistance.