Abstract
The fifth generation (5G) technology has been conceived to cover multiple usage scenarios from enhanced mobile broadband to ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) to massive machine type communications. However, the implementation of this new technology is causing increasing concern over the possible impact on health and safety arising from exposure to electromagnetic field radiated by 5G systems, making imperative the development of accurate electromagnetic field (EMF) measurement techniques and protocols. Measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with EMF exposure limits are object to international regulation. The basic principle of the assessment is to measure the power received from a constant radio frequency source, typically a pilot signal, and to apply a proper extrapolation factor. This kind of approach is standardized for 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies, but is still under investigation for 5G technology. Indeed, the use of flexible numerologies and advanced Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and spatial multiplexing techniques, such as beam sweeping and Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), requires the definition of new procedures and protocols for EMF measurement of 5G signals. In this paper a procedure for an accurate estimation of the instant maximum power received from a 5G source is proposed. The extrapolation technique is based on the introduction of proper factors that take into account the effect of the TDD and of the sweep beam in the measured value of the 5G signal level. Preliminary experimental investigation, based on code domain measurement of appropriate broadcast channels, and carried out in a controlled environment are reported, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Highlights
The fifth generation (5G) technology radio interface, known as New Radio (NR) [1,2,3], represents a dramatic step forward in wireless technology compared to the previous generations
While the advantages of 5G are well discussed, and there is no doubt about the necessity of deployment of faster and more reliable wireless communication systems, on the other hand, the implementation of this new technology is causing increasing concern over the possible impact on health and safety arising from exposure to the electromagnetic field radiated by 5G systems—making imperative the development of accurate EMF measurement techniques and protocols
Measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits are the object of international regulation
Summary
The fifth generation (5G) technology radio interface, known as New Radio (NR) [1,2,3], represents a dramatic step forward in wireless technology compared to the previous generations. The basic principle of the assessment is to measure the power received from a constant radio frequency source, typically a pilot signal, and to apply a proper extrapolation factor as described in [5] annex B.5 This method ensures that the resulting field is the maximum obtainable at the location for the considered radiofrequency source. In order to apply such a procedure, the development of effective extrapolation techniques, able to estimate the instant maximum power from measurements carried out in a short period of time, is of paramount importance. The maximum EMF level is estimated, applying a proper extrapolation factor KCRS as p This short review of the extrapolation techniques from 2G to 4G clearly show the critical role played by the reference signals. A common characteristic in the previous generation of cellular systems is the constant received power level of the reference signal
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