Examining self-directedness and its relationships with lifelong learning and earnings in Yunnan, Vietnam, Germany, and the United States

Abstract

This study provides an empirical analysis of the significance of self-directedness in learning in the labor market and further pursuit of education and training among adults in two high-income (Germany, U.S) and two middle-income countries (Vietnam, Yunnan China). We find substantial gaps in the self-directedness measures between low- and high-SES workers. Additionally, self-directedness in learning is rewarded in the labor market in Yunnan and Vietnam. Those who are motivated to learn and are resilient are more likely to pursue further learning opportunities in the high-income countries, as well as in Yunnan China where adult learning opportunities are severely lacking.