Examination of the Association between Periodontal Disease, Tooth Loss, and Risk of Gallbladder Carcinoma : A Case- Control Study in Greek Adults

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the possible association between periodontal disease (PD) clinical indices, and number of missing teeth and the risk of developing gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) in Greek adults using data from a population based case-control study. Material and Method: The study sample comprised 80 males and 67 females, aged 45 to 79 years. 49 individuals suffered from GBC- cases and 98 were healthy individuals - controls. All clinical indices examined were obtained via a modified standardized questionnaire and an oral and dental clinical examination. Periodontal status included the following clinical parameters, probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PlI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP), and the number of missing teeth. The questionnaire included data regarding the dependent and independent risk factors for GBC development. Univariate and logistic regression models adjusted for possible confounders were carried out for data analysis. Results: Statistical analysis showed that chronic GB inflammation (p=0.00, OR=2.74, 95% CI=1.28-5.86), smoking (p=0.05, OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.26-2.72), GI (p=0.05, OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.20-2.62), and missing teeth more than four teeth (p=0.03, OR=1.74,95% CI=1.30-3.75, p=0.02, OR= 2.03, 95% CI=1.67-4.11) were statistically significantly associated with the risk of developing GBC. Conclusions: The current research suggested positive associations of chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, smoking, gingival inflammation, and missing teeth more than four with GBC development.