Çevresel Determinizm Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme: İbn-i Haldun ve Montesquieu

Abstract

Throughout human history, natural environment and human have been intertwined. People who interact with nature are affected by the natural environment and the elements that make it up. At this point, the natural environment is the determinant of people and society. Environmental determinism, which has an important place in determination of human and society, has been handled by many thinkers until today. In this article, in the framework of environmental determinism, Ibn Khaldun's theory on the impact of human geography on individual and social behavior and Montesquieu's theory of geography and the laws put forward by the legislators that vary accordingly and their effects on society, the climate theory in the center of environmental determinism have been tried to be handled under two main headings by using analysis method. The basis of the theory of Asabiyet and the scientific concepts of Umran, which form the basis of sociology happened in the 19th century deals with the formation process of the state and society basically. Montesquieu, one of the thinkers of the 18th century enlightenment, mentions the necessity of laws that will enable individuals to live together. He states that the law is necessary for the social order and that each society emerges by being affected by differences such as its own characteristic features, geography, morality and management style. The main purpose of this study is to compare the way between how Ibn Khaldun and Montesquieu dealt with the climate, political and social life, taking into account the periodic differences they lived, based on their living in a different time and social environment. This comparison is handled on the basis of natural environment, individual and social values. In this context, in order to compare the common and, if any, different aspects of the understanding of environmental determinism that they dealt with in different periods, the works named "Muqaddime" and "Spirit of Laws" were examined with a geographical perspective. The assumption of this study is that the sovereignty of human geography in the public order, society and administration absolutely affects societies regardless of time and place of residence. However, it has an important place in forming the basis of many understandings.