Evaluation of greenness and whiteness assessment of chemometric assisted techniques for simultaneous determination of canagliflozin, sitagliptin, metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride in a quinary mixture

Abstract

An assortment of lifestyle and genetic characteristics contribute to the eventual appearance of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can be triggered by a variety of drugs and other health issues. Five anti-diabetic medications, Metformin, Glimepiride, Canagliflozin, Pioglitazone, and Sitagliptin, were identified for simultaneous evaluation in their synthetic mixtures applying multivariate calibration models Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Square (PLS-2) to resolve the extensively overlapping spectrum.For extracting important information and enhancing the accuracy of the techniques, both techniques were used for deciding on the variables. The most beneficial spectral ranges and combinations were identified by considering the least values of the Correlation Coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.9998), the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) values between (0.02782–0.08277), and the Relative Error of Prediction (SEC) values between (0.20693–0.90161).The two multivariate calibration approaches were successful in determining all five components in their quinary mixture simultaneously. As a result, the suggested techniques can easily be employed without a separation stage and effectively implemented in pharmaceutical formulation evaluation. In addition, statistical assessments between the suggested chemometric techniques and the reference revealed no significant differences.Furthermore, the suggested techniques succeeded in the guidelines of green analytical chemistry, and their eco-friendliness was assessed using four tools, namely, the Analytical Eco-Scale, the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), which confirmed the proposed methods' eco-friendliness. In addition, the newly generated Red-Green-Blue (RGB12 paradigm) was employed to investigate the whiteness properties. The suggested methods' acceptable observations, as well as their long-term sustainability, straightforwardness, cost-effectiveness, and inexpensive cost, stimulate adoption in quality control laboratories.