Abstract
Abstract Treatment plots were 6 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 454 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 18 Jul following artificial infestation of the research area with 2nd and 3rd instar black cutworms. An average of 18/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 16 Jul prior to treatment. At treatment time (18 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 69°F; RH, 86%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 69.7% sand, 25.9% silt, 4/4% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 23.0%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of application, early-morning; and clear skies. Post-treatment counts were recorded 2 DAT (20 Jul), 7 DAT (25 Jul), and 14 DAT (1 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of wa-ter.
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