Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity, quantitative estimation of phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids in different parts of Samadera indica from South India

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

  Antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Cissusmultistriata were investigated against 8 bacterial and 2 fungal test organisms, using the tube dilution and agar ditch diffusion methods. Aqueous leaf extract had no activity against both the bacterial and fungal test organisms. Both the methanol and chloroform leaf extracts inhibited all the test organisms with chloroform leaf extract showing the highest zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (diameter 25 mm) and least against Staphylococcus aureus  (diameter 13 mm). The methanol leaf extract was least inhibitory against Salmonella typhi (diameter 8 mm) and most inhibitory against S. aureus (diameter 15 mm). The methanol leaf extract of C. multistriata show more antifungal activity compared with chloroform leaf extract, with Candida albicans being more susceptible than Aspergillus niger to both methanol and chloroform leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol leaf extract show least activity against Yersinia enterocolitica andPseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 100 mg/ml) and higher activity of MIC at 50 mg/ml against the other bacterial test organisms. The chloroform leaf extract MIC of 100 mg/ml had least activity against Proteus mirabilis and P. aeruginosa and MIC of 20 mg/ml most inhibitory against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and S. typhi. The antimicrobial activity of the heated extracts persisted after exposure to various temperatures between 30oC to 121oC for 15 to 30 min. However, the extract activity decreased as the temperature increased. The killing rate of the MBC of chloroform extract on E. coli was 1 cfu/3 min while on S.  typhi was 1 cfu/3.8 min.   Key words:  Cissus multistriata, antimicrobial, extract, inhibition, susceptible.

Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. is an endemic medicinal plant of Western Ghats belonging to the family Clusiaceae. Bark is used to treat dysentery, diarrhea and cholera and its root decoctionwas used as oral contraceptive. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, resins, proteins and glycosides using extractsof hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous of stem, leaf and callus. Majority of were present in methanol extract and aqueous extract of leaf, whereas for stem in methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract and methanol extract of callus. Methanol extract of leaf, stem and callusshowed maximum phenols of 35.02 GAE/g, 32.05 GAE/g and 19.03 GAE/g, respectively, total flavonoid content wasmaximum with 628.57 mg/g in aqueous extract of stem followed by ethyl acetate extract of leaf with 585.71 mg/g and 342.62 mg/g in aqueous extract of callus extract. DPPH scavenging activity revealed highest scavenging activity of 89.53% inmethanol extract of stem and aqueous extract of leaf with 76.57%. Methanolic extracts of stem, leaf and callus have good reducing power with 0.461, 0.453 and 0.253 at 700 nm, respectively,the methanol extracts of stem, aqueous extract of leaf and methanolic extract of leaf derived callus extractsof P. indicum consists of active antioxidants.

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

In the Philippines,Cycasspp. are found in Luzon Island particularly in Pampanga, Batangas, Bataan and Isabela provinces.. In this study, the bioactive potentials of the crude methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extracts ofCycas riuminianaPorte ex Regel were investigated. Based on the results of the four solvents used, the best extraction solvent for the phytochemicals is ethanol, followed by methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts showed comparable antioxidant activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also have comparable antioxidant activity but significantly lower than both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However the greatest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract, followed by chloroform, methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The variation and similarity in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the different extracts can be attributed to different mechanisms of interactions, namely, independent joint action, additive, synergistic, competitive or antagonistic interactions, among the bioactive compounds present in the crude extracts. Further studies are needed to elucidate the structure of the different phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Arayat Pitogo (C. riuminianaPorte ex Regel) and the specific mechanisms of interaction among these phytochemicals. SUMMARY The extracts were tested for the presence (trace, moderate or abundant amounts) of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides. The ethanolic extract was positive for all phytochemicals screened with sterols, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins being abundant, alkaloids being moderate and triterpenes and saponins in trace amounts. The methanolic extract was also positive for all constituents but in trace amounts, except for flavonoids which were abundant. The ethyl acetate extract contained abundant sterols, moderate alkaloids and trace amounts of saponins, glycosides and tannins. Finally, the chloroform extract contained abundant sterols, and trace amounts of alkaloids, saponins and glycosides. The radical scavenging assay revealed that the highest percent inhibition was obtained for the ethanolic leaf extract (60.53±0.7801%), followed by methanolic extract (59.92±3.160%), chloroform extract (50.17±4.779%) and ethyl acetate extract (47.25±3.759%). In terms of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract registered the highest inhibition against the three test organisms, namely,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisandEscherichia coli. The chloroform extract inhibitedS. aureusandB. subtilis. The methanol extract inhibitedS. aureusonly. Finally, the ethanolic extract failed to inhibit any of the test organisms despite its abundant phytochemicals and high antioxidant activity. In terms of antifungal activity, the different extracts inhibitedCandida albicanswith the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showing a high degree of inhibition followed by the methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However, none of the extracts showed any bioactivity againstAspergillus niger.

This study determined the bio active substances in the physic nut plant, Jatropha curcas and further examined the larvicidal potentials of its hexane, methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts on locally reared larvae of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae in accordance with the World Health Organization’s guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Various concentrations (25mg/mL, 50 mg/mL 100mg/mL and 200 mg/mL) of the plant extracts were tested against third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the different portions of J. curcas leaf and stem extracts revealed the presence of active toxic compounds including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycoside and tannins. Methanolic extracts were found to be richer in phytochemicals than hexane and aqueous extracts. All plant extracts at the various concentrations showed significant larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae mosquito larvae between 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure. Methanol leaf extract of J. curcas was most effective as it showed larval mortality of 75 to 100% on the test larvae after 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure while the methanol stem extract showed 60 to 100% larval mortality. Hexane leaf extract showed larval mortality of 65 to 100% after 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure whereas hexane stem extract had larval mortality of 60 to 100%. However, the aqueous leaf extract had 40 to 100% mortality as the aqueous stem extract showed 35 to 100% mortality after 30 minutes to 24 hours respectively. The methanol leaf extract showed highest toxicity against the test larvae with LC₅₀ value of 2.52 mg/ml; and LC₉₀ value of 218.15 mg/ml while the least toxicity was observed on aqueous stem extract with LC₅₀ value of 70.71 mg/ml; and LC₉₀ value of 1635.76 mg/ml after 30 minutes of exposure respectively. All the test larvae treated with various extracts exhibited 100% mortality after 24 hours of exposure with less concentrations of the extract required to kill the larvae as time of exposure increased. The toxicity of the various leaf extracts on the mosquito larvae were relatively greater than those of the stem. This is supported by the abundance of secondary metabolites. The findings suggest that the hexane, methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts of J. curcas have the potential to be used as an effective botanical larvicide.

The study comprises the results of phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial evaluation of extracts from bark and leaf of Quassia indica (Gaertn). Nooteb. – a medicinal plant used in traditional healing owing to its analgestic, antiinflammatory, antifeedant and antimicrobial properties. A preliminary qualitative analysis was carried out successively in five different solvents with increasing order of polarity-Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Methanol and Water to document the nature and yield of phytochemicals. The extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial effect using two strains of bacteria – Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and fungi – Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Among solvents methanol and water were found as effective extractants in which most of the secondary metabolites - alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, tannins, phytosterols were released. Quantitative analysis of the methanolic and aqueous extracts was carried out to estimate the quantity (mg/g tissue) of the phytoconstituents. The alkaloid content was much higher in leaf extract (5.7 mg/g) than in bark (3.5 mg/g). The phenolic content expressed as mg/ g GAE was determined in the methanolic extract, bark (24.38) > leaf (10.44) and the aqueous extract does not show much phenolic content. Flavonoid were maximum in methanolic leaf extract (1.085 mg/g) and minimum in aqueous bark extract (0.305 mg/g) and the terpenoid content was detected in methanolic extracts of leaf (0.4016 mg/g) and bark (0.4224 mg/g). The leaf extract indicated more tannin content (1.536 mg/g) than bark (1.328 mg/g). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity suggested leaf extract as an effective antibacterial and antifungal agent at a concentration of 1000 g/ml with inhibition zones- 24 mm (S.aureus), 22 mm (E.coli) and 14 mm (A.niger), 14 mm(C. albicans). The bark extract was comparatively lesser efficient in resisting microbial growth (E. coli – 20 mm; S. aureus – 22 mm; A. niger – 12 mm; C. albicans – 10 mm).

Background: Bauhinia tomentosa L. leaves, flower buds or root had been reported to possess anti-diabetic, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, anti-proliferative properties. The seeds and bark of the plant had not still studied for their anti-bacterial properties despite their uses in traditional medicines. Methods: Solvent extraction method was used to prepare crude aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts of leaf, seed and bark, used for phytochemical screening to determine the classes of metabolites present. Anti-bacterial activity of leaf, seed and bark extracts was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts was examined using broth dilution assay. Result: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous seed extract revealed the presence of maximum number of phytochemicals (alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and amino acids). Aqueous and methanol seed extracts were observed to be effective against all the tested bacteria viz. Enterobacillus, Micrococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus thermophilus and Haemophilus influenza. On the other hand, all the leaf extracts (ethanol, methanol and aqueous) showed inhibition against Enterobacillus, Micrococcus, S. thermophilus and H. influenzae except K. pneumoniae. The aqueous extracts of seed, leaf and bark was observed to be more potent against all the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria followed by methanol extracts of leaf and seed.

<b>Objective</b> : To investigate the comparative wound-healing potency of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk.<br><b> Materials</b> <b> and</b> <b> Methods</b> : Excision, incision and dead space wound models were used to evaluate the wound-healing activity of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk., on Swiss Wistar strain rats of either sex. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of the wound, in incision and dead space wound models the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts was prepared in 2% sodium alginate and for oral administration suspensions containing 30 mg/ml of each of the extracts in 1% gum tragacanth were prepared. In excision and incision wound models, the control group of animals were left untreated and in dead space wound models the animals were treated with 1 ml of 1% gum tragacanth / kg, b.w. The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline estimation and histopathology of the granulation tissue.<br><b> Results</b> : Aqueous and methanol leaf extracts promoted the wound-healing activity significantly in all the wound models studied. High rate of wound contraction, decrease in the period for epithelialisation, high skin breaking strength and granulation strength, increase in dry granulation tissue weight, elevated hydroxyproline content and increased collagenation in histopathological section were observed in animals treated with methanol leaf extract and aqueous leaf extract when compared to the control group of animals.<br><b> Conclusion</b> : Methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk. promote wound-healing activity. Methanol extract possesses better wound-healing property than the aqueous extract.<br>

BackgroundThe exploration of natural sources for novel anticancer agents has garnered significant attention in recent years, driven by the need for effective and safe anticancer medications, considering the escalating global burden of cervical cancer. Vitex doniana Sweet (Verbenaceae), a plant with diverse traditional medicinal uses, especially in Africa, has shown promise in this regard due to its rich phytochemical composition.MethodsThis study investigated the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of V. doniana extracts on normal mammalian (Vero-CCL-81) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, including cancer-associated gene expression profiles, according to standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS).ResultsThe findings revealed significant (P < 0.0001) concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, by the aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane leaf extracts of V. doniana. Notably, differential cytotoxicity profiles were observed among different extracts. The median cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of the studied extracts were: 1025.12 µg/ml (Aqueous leaf extract), 10.67 µg/ml (methanolic leaf extract), 964.81 µg/ml (ethyl acetate extract), and 1238.85 µg/ml (dichloromethane leaf extract. Furthermore, high selectivity indices of the ethyl acetate (26.55) and dichloromethane (103.67) leaf extracts of V. doniana against HeLa cells were observed, underscoring their potential as targeted chemotherapeutic agents against cervical cancer. Mechanistic insights into the observed effects revealed significant modulation of key genes involved in cancer progression, including the androgen receptor (AR), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), caspase-3 (CASP3), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and tumour protein 53 (TP53/P53). GC–MS analysis revealed 10 bioactive compounds in the dichloromethane leaf extract of V. doniana, with γ-sitosterol and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one being the most abundant. Besides, the ethyl acetate leaf extract showed presence of 27 phytochemicals, whereby pentatriacontane and tetratetracontane were more common while α-calacorene and spiro (2.5) octane 5,5-dimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)- were less abundant.ConclusionThese findings provide valuable insights into the potential and molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cervical cancer effects of V. doniana extracts, their attributable phytocompounds, and highlight their putative value as sources of lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer drugs.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-025-04923-w.

Non-healing wounds are a global health problem. Substances that enhance cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and prevention of bacterial infections accelerate the wound healing process. In this study, the wound healing potential of Ziziphus oenoplia, is investigated for its ability in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and antibacterial potential. The potential of cell proliferation enhancement (mean percent wound closure) and angiogenic response (mean vascular index) of hexanes, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of leaf and bark of Z. oenoplia were evaluated by scratch wound assay (SWA) using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc diffusion method. Enhanced cell proliferation was shown by the hexanes, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and the hexanes extract of bark. An enhanced angiogenic response was shown by the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and the methanol and hexanes extracts of bark. Dichloromethane extract of both leaf and bark showed considerable antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa which is less susceptible to common antibiotics. SWA-directed fractionation of the hexanes extract of the leaf has resulted in the isolation and identification of an active fraction showing mean percent wound closure of 86.4% (positive control 90.2%) and mean vascular index of 34.5 (positive control 48.6). This fraction contained lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, hexacosanol, and octacosanol. The present study provides supportive evidence for the potential of wound healing enhancement of leaf and bark extracts of Z. oenoplia.

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of Brownlowia tersa leaf and bark extracts were performed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in DPPH free radical scavenging assay for the bark and leaf extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol were 102.09 ± 0.53, 236.28 ± 0.85, 27.90 ± 0.56, and 183.74 ± 0.75, 45.78 ± 0.27, and 35.12 ± 0.55 µg mL−1, respectively. Total phenolic content was the higher in methanolic bark and leaf extracts than in other solvents. Total flavonoid content was the highest in the methanolic leaf extracts and the lowest in chloroform bark extract. Petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of bark and leaf demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 28739 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27833.

The hepatoprotective properties of Alchornea cordifolia, a medicinal plant was studied in hepatotoxicity induced animal model with a high dose of paracetamol or carbon tetrachloride. Knowing that antituberculosis drugs also represent a risk factor for hepatotoxicity, could A. cordifolia play a key role to limit their hepatotoxicity? The objective of this study was to assess the histological changes of antituberculosis drugs in rat livers and their evolution after administration of an aqueous and a methanolic leaf extracts of A. cordifolia and therefore estimate their polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Rats were divided into three (3) groups: group 1 was treated with isoniazid; group 2 received the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin and group 3 was given the combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyraziamide. For each group of rats, the hepatotoxicant was either administered alone or two hours before administration of an aqueous (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) or a methanolic (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) leaf extracts of A. cordifolia each day for 10 days. Animals were sacrificed on day 11 and their livers removed for histolopathological analysis. In addition, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated in both extracts. Antituberculosis drug combinations caused peliosis lesions, steatosis and hepatocyte necrosis. The liver histology of rats that received extracts after administration of antituberculosis drug combinations showed the ability of extracts to annihilate or alleviate hepatocellular damage caused by such drugs. The methanolic extract, richer in total polyphenols (0.55 ± 0.02 mg EGA) than the aqueous extract (0.35 ± 0.01 mg EGA) demonstrated a greater hepatoprotective effect. Thus, according to liver histological analysis, the aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of A. cordifolia could attenuate the hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculosis drugs in rats.

Comparative determination of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity from leaf and fruit of Sapindus mukorrossi Gaertn. – A valuable medicinal tree

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, T. ferdinandiana extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum.The ability to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Solvent extractions of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377g/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of B. anthracis growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 g/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC 50 values >1000 g/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. anthracis, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.