Phytochemical analysis and larvicidal potentials of Jatropha curcas L. leaf and stem extracts against Anopheles gambiae

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents to control the menace of AMR is the need of the hour. Plants based products can be effectively explored as potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing agents against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. This present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of Melastoma malabathricum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem of M. malabathricum were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by using well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli but not against S. aureus with 18 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol flower extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 14 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibitions at 200 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 12 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of M. malabathricum methanol leaf extract against E. coli was 3.125 mg/mL, whereas the MIC value of methanol flower and leaf extracts was 6.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity of M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts was recorded only against S. aureus isolates with maximum inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL concentration. Good antiquorum sensing activities was exhibited by the M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts against S. aureus isolates at 200 mg/mL concentration.

Aim: To compare the phytochemicals and anti bacterial activities of leaf, stem and root extracts of Spathodea companulata.
 Methodology: The leaf, stem and root of Spathodea companulata were collected, washed, air-dried, ground and each extracted with water, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The extracts were analysed for the presence of phytochemicals. Antimicrobial analysis was also carried out on the extracts.
 Results: Glycosides were present in all the extracts except stem aqueous extract. Steroids were found absent in most of the extracts except methanol stem and n-hexane root extracts. Saponins were found in methanol, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of the root and stem, and in methanol and aqueous leaf extracts. Alkaloids were present in methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaf and root, and in ethyl acetate and n- hexane extracts of the stem. Quantity of Alkaloids and tannins were higher in leaf, while flavonoids and glycosides were higher in the stem and the roots contained higher amount of saponins. The extraction solvent polarities played important role in the type of metabolites extracted. The stem extracts were found to be most active against the seven test organisms used.
 Conclusion: More work should be done on the isolation and identification of compounds responsible for some of the pharmacological effects of the plant parts and the subsequent development of the compounds in formulation of drugs.

Ageratum conyzoides L. is potential allelopathic weed very useful for its antifungal and antimicrobial activity. Being environmentally safe and friendly, it has the potential to substitute synthetic fungicides. The current study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of aqueous methanolic and n-hexane extracts of A. conyzoides against the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium solani Mart. (Sacc.), isolated from roots of egg plant ( Solanum melongena ). The target fungus was exposed to various concentrations (2, 4 and 6% w/v) of aqueous, methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Inflorescence, leaf, stem and root. All the employed concentrations of extracts of four plant parts significantly suppressed the growth of the target fungal pathogen. The n-hexane extracts of leaf and inflorescence caused highly significant reduction of 84% in growth of F. solani followed by stem and root extracts which caused which caused 80% and 72% reduction in growth, respectively. The same pattern in growth reduction was observed in methanolic and aqueous extracts. Among the four parts of the tested weed, different concentrations of the methanolic extract of leaf were found to be highly effective in controlling target fungal species resulting in up to 78% reduction in fungal biomass over control followed by inflorescence (74% reduction), stem (63% reduction) and root (59% reduction) at highest used concentration. In case of aqueous extracts, the maximum reduction was observed in leaf extract (72%) followed by inflorescence, stem and root, respectively. Key words: Ageratum conyzoides , aqueous extract, Fusarium solani , n-hexane extract, methanolic extract.

<b>Objective</b> : To investigate the comparative wound-healing potency of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk.<br><b> Materials</b> <b> and</b> <b> Methods</b> : Excision, incision and dead space wound models were used to evaluate the wound-healing activity of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk., on Swiss Wistar strain rats of either sex. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of the wound, in incision and dead space wound models the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts was prepared in 2% sodium alginate and for oral administration suspensions containing 30 mg/ml of each of the extracts in 1% gum tragacanth were prepared. In excision and incision wound models, the control group of animals were left untreated and in dead space wound models the animals were treated with 1 ml of 1% gum tragacanth / kg, b.w. The healing of the wound was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline estimation and histopathology of the granulation tissue.<br><b> Results</b> : Aqueous and methanol leaf extracts promoted the wound-healing activity significantly in all the wound models studied. High rate of wound contraction, decrease in the period for epithelialisation, high skin breaking strength and granulation strength, increase in dry granulation tissue weight, elevated hydroxyproline content and increased collagenation in histopathological section were observed in animals treated with methanol leaf extract and aqueous leaf extract when compared to the control group of animals.<br><b> Conclusion</b> : Methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of <i> Vernonia arborea</i> Hk. promote wound-healing activity. Methanol extract possesses better wound-healing property than the aqueous extract.<br>

Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the clinicians. Development of new alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents is the need of the hour to control the menace of AMR. Plants based products are attractive alternatives with proven efficacy but needs scientific investigation to explore their potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. The present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of the Himalayan yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem/bark of R. ellipticus were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 19 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol fruit extract also showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus only. Highest and lowest activities were observed at 200 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations with 15 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. No antimicrobial activities by either of the extracts were observed against E. coli isolates. The MIC of R. ellipticus methanol leaf and fruit extracts against S. aureus was 0.203125 mg/mL and 0.8125 mg/mL, respectively. The methanol leaf (86.60%) and stem (85.60%) extracts of R. ellipticus showed significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus isolates, whereas methanol fruit (89.20%) extracts exhibited antibiofilm activity against E. coli isolates at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Significant antiquorum sensing (QS) activities was exhibited by the methanol leaf extract of R. ellipticus at 200 mg/mL concentration against E. coli. This is the first ever report on antibiofilm and anti QS activities of the R. ellipticus plant extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Background: Viscum album is a hemiparasitic shrub that grows on various tree species and contains diverse active substances. Objectives: The histopathology of the toxic effects of Viscum album leaf and stem aqueous extracts from host plants Azadirachta indica (neem), Psidium guajava (guava), and Acacia albida on organs of albino rats was evaluated. Methodology: Thirty-five (35) albino rats divided into 7 groups (A-G) of 5 albino rats each was exposed to graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400mg/kg using the intraperitoneal route. The experimental rats were observed for 24 hours and subsequently sacrificed and their organs including liver, kidney, lungs, and heart were subjected to histopathology for any ultra-structural changes. Results: The histopathological findings indicate that the liver had vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion of sinusoids for 800mg/kg of Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) stem extract, and widespread vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes at 3200mg/kg for Viscum album (Acacia albida) stem extract. The kidneys had congestion, tubular necrosis with deposition of hyaline materials in the intratubular lumen and capsular space of the glomerulus, and glomerular atrophy at 400mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract, but indicated marked congestion, and tubular necrosis with 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) stem. The lungs had marked thickening of the interstitium by edema fluid, red blood, and mononuclear cell infiltration at 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Acacia albida) leaf extract. The heart had multifocal areas of mild necrosis of the myocytes with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) leaf extract, and multifocal areas of moderate haemorrhages with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Viscum album in this study had bioactive components that could be toxic.

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of Croton bonplandianum weed on seed germination and seedling growth of crop plants (Triticum aestivum L., Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. and Brassica rapa L.) and weed plants (Melilotus alba Medik., Vicia sativa L. and Medicago hispida Gaertn). Root, stem and leaf aqueous extracts of Croton at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% concentrations were applied to determine their effect on seed germination and seedling growth of test plants under laboratory conditions. The aqueous extracts from root, stem and leaf had no effect on seed germination of test plants. The extracts from stem had a stimulatory effect on the shoot length at all concentration levels, as against an inhibitory effect of leaf extracts. Stem extracts at low concentration generally promoted root length but aqueous extracts from leaf and root inhibited root length and dry weight. Root length, shoot length of weed species decreased progressively when plants were exposed to increasing concentration (0.5, 1, 2 and 4%). The pH, osmotic potential and total phenolic contents, the osmotic potential and phenolic content increased with increasing concentrations of aqueous extracts of different parts of C. bonplandianum while pH does not have any major change. Key words: Allelopathy, aqueous leaf extract, aqueous stem extract, aqueous root extract, Melilotus alba, Medicago hispida, Vicia sativa, Croton bonplandianum.

Pot culture experiment and Petri dish bioassay were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of Cyanthillium cinereum and Lantana camara on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna unguiculata and Abelmoschus esculentus. Aqueous leaf and stem extracts of weed were used for treatment. The differential inhibitory effect was observed for two weed plants on two tested crops. The experimental results revealed that in case of pot culture experiment, lowest germination percentages (40.8±0.49%, 63.6±0.60% and 83±0.78%) were recorded in L. camara leaf extract treated set of A. esculentus and maximum decrease in seedling length (0.31±0.05 cm, 4.18±0.07 cm, 6.42±0.08 cm and 13.51±0.07 cm) was observed in stem extract treated a set of A. esculentus. L. camara stem and leaf extract induced a more negative effect on seedling length in both A. esculentus and V. unguiculata. For petridish bioassay experiment, lowest germination percentages (54.60±0.40%, 59.20±0.49%, 66.20±0.74% and 69.80±0.38%) were observed in L. camara leaf extract treated a set of A. esculentus. In V. unguiculata, lowest germination percentage (45.8±0.49%, 75.4±0. 40%, 84.4±0.25% and 89±0.32%) was observed in stem extract treated set. Maximum suppressive effect on seedling length was recorded for stem and leaf extract of C. cinereum of A. esculentus and leaf extract of L. camara and stem extract of C. cinereum of V. unguiculata.

Background: Waltheria indica is an antioxidant rich flowering plant species in its various parts and usually used in sub-Saharan Africa’s traditional medicine. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-radical activity of different concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem, stem bark and leaves of Waltheria indica, in order to determine the most antioxidant organ of the plant on the one hand and the type of extraction allowing to collect the maximum of bioactive compound on the other hand. Methods: The method used is based on the measurement of the free radicals of the radical cation of 2,2'-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS•+) compared to that of a reference antioxidant, the gallic acid. Results and Discussion: With the methanolic extraction, the results obtained showed that the stem bark was the most active organ followed by the stem and then the leaves. The IC50 obtained were: for the stem bark (IC50 = 4.3 µg.mL-1); for the stem (IC50 = 6 µg.mL-1); and the leaf (IC50 = 37.5 µg.mL-1). Gallic acid, the referenced antioxidant, showed an IC50 of 0.41 µg.mL-1. Regarding the extraction method, aqueous extraction had a higher yield (IC50 of stem aqueous extract = 2.5 µg.mL-1) compare to methanolic extraction (IC50 of stem methanolic extract = 6 µg.mL-1). Conclusion: Aqueous extraction showed a better yield than methanolic extraction. The various organs of Waltheria indica, particularly the stem bark, can provide natural antioxidants that can be used in preventive medicine.

&nbsp; Antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of&nbsp;Cissusmultistriata&nbsp;were investigated against 8 bacterial and 2 fungal test organisms, using the tube dilution and agar ditch diffusion methods. Aqueous leaf extract had no activity against both the bacterial and fungal test organisms. Both the methanol and chloroform leaf extracts inhibited all the test organisms with chloroform leaf extract showing the highest zone of inhibition against&nbsp;Escherichia coli&nbsp;(diameter 25 mm) and least against&nbsp;Staphylococcus&nbsp;aureus&nbsp; (diameter 13 mm). The methanol leaf extract was least inhibitory against&nbsp;Salmonella typhi&nbsp;(diameter 8 mm) and most inhibitory against&nbsp;S.&nbsp;aureus&nbsp;(diameter 15 mm). The methanol leaf extract of&nbsp;C. multistriata&nbsp;show more antifungal activity compared with chloroform leaf extract, with&nbsp;Candida&nbsp;albicans&nbsp;being more susceptible than&nbsp;Aspergillus&nbsp;niger&nbsp;to both methanol and chloroform leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol leaf extract show least activity against&nbsp;Yersinia&nbsp;enterocolitica&nbsp;andPseudomonas&nbsp;aeruginosa&nbsp;(MIC = 100 mg/ml) and higher activity of MIC at 50 mg/ml against the other bacterial test organisms. The chloroform leaf extract MIC of 100 mg/ml had least activity against&nbsp;Proteus&nbsp;mirabilis&nbsp;and&nbsp;P.&nbsp;aeruginosa&nbsp;and MIC of 20 mg/ml most inhibitory against&nbsp;E. coli,&nbsp;Klebsiella&nbsp;pneumonia&nbsp;and&nbsp;S.&nbsp;typhi. The antimicrobial activity of the heated extracts persisted after exposure to various temperatures between 30oC to 121oC for 15 to 30 min. However, the extract activity decreased as the temperature increased. The killing rate of the MBC of chloroform extract on&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;was 1 cfu/3 min while on&nbsp;S. &nbsp;typhi&nbsp;was 1 cfu/3.8 min. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;Cissus&nbsp;multistriata, antimicrobial, extract, inhibition, susceptible.

Medicinal plants offer reasonable and accessible alternatives to synthetic drugs and are often devoid of the adverse side effects, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance associated with synthetic medicine. Combretum molle has been utilized in African traditional medicinal practices and purportedly contains bioactive compounds with medicinally beneficial effects. This study investigated the hexane, chloroform, and methanol leaf and stem extracts for their antioxidant properties using the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The study additionally analyzed the methanol extracts for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria using agar well diffusion. Relative to the scavenging activity of the ascorbic acid control (79.15 ± 0.63% at 15 µg/mL to 94.61 ± 0.12% at 240 µg/mL), the plant's radical scavenging activities were exceptionally high in the methanolic leaf and stem extracts (p < 0.05), ranging from 94.58 ± 1.10% at 15 µg/mL to 99.22 ± 0.30% at 240 µg/mL and 91.57 ± 1.71% at 15 µg/mL to 99.60 ± 0.20% at 240 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting a strong capacity to donate hydrogen ions. High scavenging activities were additionally observed in the chloroform stem (78.68 ± 1.18% at 15 µg/mL to 98.14 ± 1.22% at 240 µg/mL) and hexane leaf (72.12 ± 4.38% at 15 µg/mL to 89.87 ± 1.50% at 240 µg/mL) extracts (p < 0.05). All extracts exhibited poor ferric-reducing abilities in relation to the gallic acid control (100 ± 0.00%) at all concentrations (p < 0.05). The leaf and stem extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic capabilities against both tested strains, with significant activity at higher concentrations (p < 0.05). Overall, both the leaf and stem extracts of C. molle exhibited similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings warrant further pharmacological research on C. molle for potential drug development.

Our study was designed to screen the antibacterial potency of Princepia utilis leaf and seed extract and to measure their antioxidant effects, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and total carbohydrate content. Collected samples were extracted by cold maceration. Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water were used as extraction solvents. In the disc diffusion method, P. utilis ethyl acetate leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus epidermis with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13.83 mm. Similarly, methanolic leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI-12.33 mm). Furthermore, the methanolic seed extract was most sensitive against Klebsiella pneumoniaee (ZOI-11.66 mm) Escherichia coli (ZOI-9.0 mm). The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.5 mg/mL and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively, were shown by ethyl acetate leaf extract against S. epidermis. Similarly, the highest values of MIC and MBC, i.e., 20.8 mg/mL and 33.3 mg/mL, respectively, were shown by hexane leaf extract against S. epidermidis. On the other hand, evaluation of antioxidant capacity revealed that ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the maximum antioxidant effect (IC50: 66.69 μg/mL). The total flavonoid contents of different extracts were measured in the range of 37 ± 0.74 μg QE/mg dry extract weight (methanolic seed extract) to 321.84 ± 4.82 μg QE/mg dry extract weight (hexane seed extract). Likewise, the total polyphenol content ranged from the hexane leaf extract (17.33 ± 0.642 μg GAE/mg dry extract weight) to ethyl acetate leaf extract (62.56 ± 1.284 μg GAE/mg dry extract weight). We found a variation in total carbohydrate content in the range of 23.55 ± 1.125 μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (hexane leaf extract) to 96.63 ± 2.253 μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (aqueous leaf extract). Overall, this study revealed that leaf and seed extract of P. utilis exhibited noteworthy antibacterial effects against diverse pathogenic microorganisms.