Abstract
Purpose: To determine the antioxidant and anticancer effects of Piper betle (P. betle) leaf extract on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and to develop transdermal patches containing the extract.
 Methods: The leaf extract of P. betle was prepared by maceration method, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity and suppression of cell migration (indices of anticancer activity) were also assessed in MCF-7 cells by sulforhodamine B (SRB) and wound healing assays, respectively. Transdermal patches were developed using the casting method, and the resultant patches were evaluated with regard to their physical appearance and mechanical properties before and after a stability test.
 Results: The extract exhibited antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 30.0 ± 0.1 µg/mL. It also showed cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 114.3 ± 14.9 µg/mL, and significantly suppressed the migration of MCF-7 cells at a dose of 25 µg/mL. Based on desirable characteristics, patch base formulations containing 4.2 % pectin, 0.4 % hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC), 0.4 % polyvinyl pyrrolidine K-90 (PVP-K90) and 3 % propylene glycol (PG) were selected for incorporation into the extract.
 Conclusion: Leaf extract of P. betle exhibits potential anti-breast cancer properties. A transdermal patch containing 0.03 % of the extract can be successfully developed for treatment of breast cancer.
Highlights
Breast cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, and the most common cancer in women worldwide
If the extract suppresses healing of the scratch would, it may be reasonably concluded that it reduces cancer cell metastasis, implying that its application may result in good prognosis of cancer patients
The results obtained in present study indicate that the leaf extract of P. betle exerts antioxidant activity, inhibits the viability and migration of MCF-7 cells
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, and the most common cancer in women worldwide. Piper betle L (Piperaceae) are generally named as betel leaf It is one of many medicinal plants that have become popular in cancer studies [5]. The anti-proliferative effect of P. betle leaf extract has been documented against B lymphocyte cell line (Raji cells) [7], KERATIN-forming tumor cell line (KB cells) [8], and MCF-7 cells [9] These findings indicate the potential of the extract for use in the breast cancer treatment. If the extract suppresses healing of the scratch would, it may be reasonably concluded that it reduces cancer cell metastasis, implying that its application may result in good prognosis of cancer patients. The extract could be considered as exerting good chemo-preventive effect
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