Межнациональные конфликты: о причинах и условиях возникновения

Aim. To analyze medical and demographic situation and morbidity in the population of different age groups in the Russian Federation, the Far Eastern Federal District and the Amur Region in order to develop management decisions for the health protection of the population at the regional levels.Methods. Statistical and analytical analysis were conducted. The reports of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Federal State Statistics Services were used as the material.Results. The mortality rates in the population of the Amur Region are higher than in the Far Eastern Federal District and in the Russian Federation for all years of analysis (2016–2020) and have amounted to 16.2 in 2020; 13.9; 14.6 per 1000 population respectively. In the Amur Region, mortality from injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes is 2 times higher than in the Russian Federation; from diseases of the digestive system 1.6 times higher, from diseases of the respiratory system 1.5 times higher. Mortality from COVID-19 in the Amur Region is 84.3‰00, which is lower than in the Russian Federation (98.8). There is a higher rate of general morbidity in the Amur Region (2020, 162484.1 per 100 thousand population) compared to the Russian Federation (156111.4), and to the Far Eastern Federal District (146365.3), respectively. A significantly high incidence of diseases of the digestive system (16871.3‰00), compared to the Russian Federation (10092.1), and the Far Eastern Federal District (11230.8) has been noted. The incidence of COVID-19 in the Amur Region have decreased from 84678.4 per 100 thousand population (2019) to 80294.8‰00 (2020), while 3141.3‰00 cases have been registered in 2020; a 2.6-fold increase in the incidence of pneumonia has been observed for the first time. At the same time, the primary incidence of circulatory system diseases has decreased by 12.1%, which is the result of lacking dispensary and preventive services associated with the pandemic. The frequency of COVID-19 in the Amur Region in 2020 is 3141.3‰00, in the Russian Federation – 3384.5, in the Far Eastern Federal District – 3394.9, respectively. Higher rates of morbidity (2020) are noted in children – 166656.9 per 100 thousand of the corresponding population compared to the adolescents – 147023.43‰00, which is significantly higher compared to the entire population – 80294.83‰00.Conclusion. The results of the study should be used by government representatives to develop managerial decisions regarding the health of the population, especially the future generation.

Purpose: The scientific article is devoted to the study of ways to improve the legal mechanism for ensuring the legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation as a Federal state.Methodology: The authors applied system-structural, sociological, comparative-legal, formal-legal methods in the implementation of scientific research. Using the system-structural method, the main concepts used in the study of the problem were studied in their totality and the relationship of elements of the General system of ensuring the legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation as a Federal state. Using the sociological method, the authors analyzed the actual state of legal support for the protection of the legal sovereignty of our state. The comparison of elements of the system of ensuring legal sovereignty, conducted using the comparative legal method, allowed us to identify positive and negative aspects of the analyzed phenomenon in order to determine possible ways to improve the current legislation in the field under study.Results: The concept of “legal sovereignty” is revealed by analyzing the essential features that make up its legal content, namely, the supremacy of Federal legislation throughout the state, provided by state coercion; the derivation of legal sovereignty from the principle of belonging of all power in the Russian Federation to the people, which it exercises both directly and through state authorities and local governments; independence of the state's legislative activity from other States and other subjects of international law; indivisibility of legal sovereignty; exclusivity of legal sovereignty; inexhaustibility of legal sovereignty, which implies the absence of restrictions, in addition to those established in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), in the implementation of legal regulation on the territory of the state. Based on the analysis of the above-mentioned features of the legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation, it is understood as an exclusive property of state power due to the power of the multi-ethnic Russian people, by virtue of which the Russian Federation has the right to implement legal regulation throughout its territory.Conclusions/Recommendations: The scientific article analyzes the elements of the legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation, and shows the relationship between the generic concept of “legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation” and its components – national legal sovereignty, regional legal sovereignty (legal sovereignty of the subjects of the Russian Federation) and local legal sovereignty (legal sovereignty of municipalities), judicial and non-judicial guarantees of the legal sovereignty of the Russian Federation are identified, and directions for improving the legislation regulating their implementation are proposed.KeywordsLegal sovereigntyState sovereigntyVertical of powerConstitutional reform in 2020Federal interventionJEL CodeK1

Relevance . In accordance with Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181- ФЗ “On the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation”, the activities of the rehabilitation service for people with disabilities are the most important indicator of public health and the effectiveness of the healthcare system. The official reporting data is one of the most important sources of information, however, the totality of the data presented in them is limited to the information entered in the corresponding reporting forms and, therefore, does not contain all the information that would make it possible to fully judge the problems arising from disability. For this reason, the need for special studies is obvious. Aims . Analysis of the epidemiology of adult disability in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods . The volume of the study was 34,840,933 people aged 18 years and older, recognized as disabled, including 12,971,062 elderly people with disabilities. The object of the study was the data on primary and secondary disability in the form of state statistical observation No. 7-sobes approved by the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, statistical compilations of the Federal State Budget Institution of the Federal Security Service of the Ministry of Labor of the Ministry of Labor of Russia for 2005–2016. The study is continuous. Study Period 2009–2016 Research methods: documentary, data copying, statistical and graphic. Research bases: Federal State Budgetary Institution of the Federal Security Bureau of the Ministry of Labor of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and branches of the main bureau of medical and social expertise in Moscow (19 branches in the administrative districts of Moscow). Results . The leading age cohort in the structure of adult disability in the Russian Federation is the elderly, the proportion of which exceeded the VPI among other age groups of the adult population. In 2005–2016 6.6 million elderly people (56.8% of the total number of people with disabilities) were recognized as primarily disabled; on average, 552.2 thousand people a year (56.8%). On average, 156.2 thousand people (16.1% of the total number of people with disabilities) became disabled people at a young age, and 263.1 thousand people (27.1%) became middle-aged people with disabilities. The contingent, both for the first time and repeatedly recognized by people with disabilities, is formed by people with disabilities due to the classes of diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. The dynamics of the severity of primary and secondary disability in the Russian Federation is multidirectional. There is a regional differentiation in the prevalence of disability among adults in the territories of federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Older people (about 80%) suffer from multiple chronic pathologies. In one elderly patient older than 60 years, on average, four to five different chronic diseases are detected. The accumulation of impaired functions of organs and systems helps to reduce the adaptive capacity of the body and is associated with limited life, which entails an increase in the risks of disability in the elderly and the need for medical and social rehabilitation. Conclusions. Currently, the low level of rehabilitation and habilitation of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation remains. In order to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation of people with disabilities, it is necessary to develop a unified system for monitoring the implementation of rehabilitation treatment and socialization technologies as part of a single continuous process of medical and social rehabilitation at all levels of its implementation on an interdepartmental basis.

The article raises the issue of state sovereignty in a federal state and reveals its legal nature. The authors draw attention to the diversity of approaches to the concept and essence of sovereignty, reveal its correlation with related categories, describe the concepts of unity and divisibility of state sovereignty. The paper proves that sovereignty is not a quantitative, but a qualitative characteristic of a state, which is either present or not. The authors substantiate the exclusive possession of state sovereignty by the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the doctrinal, regulatory sources and the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the authors show that the Russian constitutional model explicitly outlines the principle of solid and indivisible state sovereignty spreading throughout the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Recognition of the principle of state sovereignty of Russia presupposes a clear definition of the scope of rights that the Federation should possess in order for its sovereignty to be ensured. The article examines the main features of the state sovereignty of Russia enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, among which are the supremacy of federal law over the law of the subjects of the Federation, the inviolability of borders and territorial integrity, the unity of the economic space, fiscal, banking and monetary systems, common army (Armed Forces), the right of the state to protect its sovereignty and rights of citizens. Despite the unequivocal decision on the integrity of state sovereignty of the Russian Federation expressed the Constitution of the Russian Federation and by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, this fundamental principle is not completely ensured since the idea of the sovereignty of the republics as components of Russia continues to retain its potential threat to Russian federalism, taking into account the provisions of Art. 73 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation that provide for the full state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

On June 9, 1992, at the initiative of the Russian Society for Solidarity and Cooperation with the Peoples of Asia and Africa, the editorial boards of the journals Konflikty i konsensus and Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, the Institute of Sociopolitical Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Association of Political Scientists, and the nongovernmental International Society of Jurists held a roundtable in Moscow on the topic of "Parties and Social Movements on Ethnic [natsional'nye] Conflicts in the CIS and the Russian Federation."

Significance. Public health is one of the most significant indicators of the well-being of society and the development of the modern state. One of the most important indicators of the level of public health is recognized to be the permanent loss of working capacity. The purpose of the study. To study the dynamics and structure of adults recognized as disabled for the first time, considering the place of their residence and the degree of severity of impaired functions. Materials and methods. The materials were: a) indicators of the Unified automated vertically integrated information-analytical system for medical and social expert assessment by the Federal State Institution “Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expert Assessment in the Udmurt Republic” of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of the contingent of persons recognized as disabled for the first time; b) federal state statistical observation forms of the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise No. 7 for the Udmurt Republic for 2020-2022; c) statistical data of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise” of the Ministry of Labor of Russia. The methods of data excavation from medical records, methods of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were used. Results. In the Udmurt Republic for the period under study, the number of first-time examiners in the medical and social expert assessment bureau increased by 7.0%. Among the rural population the share of first-time examiners remains stable at the level of 35.4%. At the same time, the number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time in the Republic increased by 1.8%, where men prevailed, which is typical for the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole. For all years, the male population prevailed among the first-time recognized disabled, not only in the Udmurt Republic, but also in the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole. The indicator of primary disability among the adult population in the Udmurt Republic increased by 2.9%, in the Volga Federal District - by 6.2%, and in the Russian Federation as a whole - by 2.1%. In the structure of primary disability by the degree of severity of impaired functions in the Udmurt Republic, as well as in the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole, group III has been steadily leading during the entire period under study. In the structure of disease classes, malignant neoplasms are consistently leading, diseases of the circulatory system are in second place, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system are in third place. Conclusion. In the Udmurt Republic there is an increase in the number of examined citizens with the prevalence of urban population. There is an increase in primary disability, especially among the rural population. Men prevail in terms of gender, and in the structure of primary disability in terms of the degree of severity of impaired functions for the entire period under study, group III has been steadily leading; malignant neoplasms have been leading among the causes of disability for the seventh year in a row with an upward trend. Scope. The results of the study can be applied in planning rehabilitation and preventive measures. Keywords: primary disability, urban, rural, medical and social expertise, degree of severity of impaired functions

This article addresses a problem of the form of government of Russia as a constitutional state. Even in the Russian political and legal thought in the second half of XIX - early XX century, the main debate was between supporters of federalization and the so-called autonomy of certain territories of Russia. The first thought that the Federation allows us to give a legal response to the challenges of nationalism and proletarian internationalism in the Bolshevik version. The latter believed that in the Russian Empire at that time there were no territory of equal size that could exist independently, and therefore to act as full-fledged subjects of the federation. Modern Russia, according to the 1993 Constitution, is a federal state. The concretization of the principles of Russian federalism performed in Chapter 3 of the Constitution in Art. 71, which sets out the objects of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation; Art. 72, which lists the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation, as well as in art. 73, which establishes that outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the RF power to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the RF subjects of the Russian Federation shall possess full state power. However, the economic, social and political differentiation of regions that differ significantly from each other on the living conditions of citizens and labor rise to doubts aboutthe fairness of the existing system. Endowment of most subjects of the federation, and, consequently, their dependence on subsidies of the federal government, leaving no place for the realization of the interests of territorial public collectives living in the Federation. The current system of federal relations in modern Russia is more consistent with the concept of Russian jurists of the early twentieth century of autonomy than with federalism. And accordingly, it generates the same antinomy in the theory and the negative effects in practice. To overcome them must apply to the basic principles of constitutionalism as a form of legal: freedom and justice based on the recognition of equal human dignity. Federalism in a constitutional state is based on the totality of territorial public collectives having legal capacity. Therefore, no joint terms of jurisdiction of the center and subjects of federation in the federal constitutional state under Art. 72 of our Constitution cannot exist, since thereby seriously limit legal capacity of members of the federation.

Global efforts to combat the risks posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) depend on effective implementation of national action plans. Most countries have taken a One Health approach in developing their national action plans covering human health, animal health and the environment. Evidence on the implementation of these plans in livestock agriculture across six OECD countries, as well as in Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, and the Russian Federation, highlights the need for greater co-ordination and coherence amongst stakeholders in implementing workable solutions. This includes developing integrated surveillance and monitoring systems, improving regulations on the availability of antibiotics, and improving on-farm biosecurity practices. Additional efforts to enhance public awareness, to improve education and training, and to explore alternative interventions and innovations to antimicrobials in animal health and animal welfare could also improve outcomes in this area. The lack of long-term funding continues to hinder the implementation of national action plans on AMR.

The article examines the main trends in the development of immigration legislation in the federal states, focusing on the cur- rent state of the legal regulation of the adaptation and integration of migrants and on the basis of the relevant Canadian experience offers prospective directions of its use in the Russian Federation. The issues of the division of powers between the various levels of public authority in the field of adaptation and integration of foreign nationals in a federal state. The issues of the division of powers between the various levels of public authority in the field of adaptation and integration of foreign nationals in a federal state. The problems of legal regulation of the processes of adaptation and integration of foreign nationals, the ratio of legal mechanisms used to attract quali- fied foreign specialists. The priority of the legislative regulation of immigration policy in the Russian Federation, the author sees the need for a clearer division of powers between the various levels of public authority in the field of adaptation and integration of migrants, taking into account the specifics of economic development, historical, demographic, and other local conditions of each of the Russian Federation for the most effective engagement and use in their territory external migration resources.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation unequivocally identifies itself with a federal state declaring as follows: ‘The Russian Federation – Russia shall be a democratic, federative, law-based state with a republican form of government’(Article 1). Indeed, in terms of constitutional arrangements, there is no denying that Russia is a federative system. However, in the minds of many scholars and commentators both inside and outside Russia a simple but important question may arise: At the moment, is Russia a federal state? For instance, in the aftermath of introduction of the law on the appointment of governors of 2004, some protesters in Russia appealed to the Constitutional Court, arguing that the law violated their “constitutional right to live in a federal state.”1) Also, a commentator maintains that after experiencing political chaos due to the fragmentation of state power during the 1990s, Russia came to introduce a leviathan, a strong political entity, to overcome such a state of nature. However, such a new leviathan, unlike the Thomas Hobbes’ idea, has not been created from below through individuals’ consents

Purpose: conduct an analysis of the availability of cardiology beds and cardiologists in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation and its constituent entities in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from diseases of the circulatory system. Materials and methods: statistical, analytical. Statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal State Budgetary Institution «TsNIIOIZ» of the Ministry of Health of Russia for 2023 were used. Results. Mortality rate of the population from diseases of the circulatory system was 459.5‰îî in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation the indicator is higher (560.8‰îî). Primary incidence of CVD in the adult population in the Republic of Bashkortostan was (2022) 4948.6‰îî. The primary incidence rate of the adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan with acute myocardial infarction was 97.7‰îî, unstable angina – 113.8‰îî. The difference in the incidence rates of the adult population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with myocardial infarction is 9.3 times, unstable angina, the difference is huge – 54 times, which to a certain extent indicates the ambiguity of the coding of unstable angina. The provision of cardiology beds for the adult population in the Republic of Bashkortostan (2022) was 3.7 per 10,000 adult population, in the Russian Federation – 3.8‰î. The difference in indicators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 3.9 times. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, the indicator of provision with cardiologists was 0.83 per 10 thousand population, in the Russian Federation – 0.89‰î. The difference in indicators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is almost 9 times. The analysis of the provision and staffing of cardiologists in the Republican vascular centers and in the PSO (2022) conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan identified medical organizations with low staffing with cardiologists, which requires consideration of the reasons for low staffing and resolving issues of routing patients with acute vascular events. The results of the study can be used to develop management decisions at the regional and municipal levels.

Purpose: conduct an analysis of the availability of cardiology beds and cardiologists in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation and its constituent entities in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from diseases of the circulatory system. Materials and methods: statistical, analytical. Statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal State Budgetary Institution «TsNIIOIZ» of the Ministry of Health of Russia for 2023 were used. Results. Mortality rate of the population from diseases of the circulatory system was 459.5‰оо in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation the indicator is higher (560.8‰оо). Primary incidence of CVD in the adult population in the Republic of Bashkortostan was (2022) 4948.6‰оо. The primary incidence rate of the adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan with acute myocardial infarction was 97.7‰оо, unstable angina – 113.8‰оо. The difference in the incidence rates of the adult population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with myocardial infarction is 9.3 times, unstable angina, the difference is huge – 54 times, which to a certain extent indicates the ambiguity of the coding of unstable angina. The provision of cardiology beds for the adult population in the Republic of Bashkortostan (2022) was 3.7 per 10,000 adult population, in the Russian Federation – 3.8‰о. The difference in indicators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 3.9 times. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, the indicator of provision with cardiologists was 0.83 per 10 thousand population, in the Russian Federation – 0.89‰о. The difference in indicators in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is almost 9 times. The analysis of the provision and staffing of cardiologists in the Republican vascular centers and in the PSO (2022) conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan identified medical organizations with low staffing with cardiologists, which requires consideration of the reasons for low staffing and resolving issues of routing patients with acute vascular events. The results of the study can be used to develop management decisions at the regional and municipal levels.

The topic of studying the legal foundations of the organization and implementation of international military cooperation between Russia and foreign states in the light of recent international events and the development of armed conflicts is becoming particularly relevant. The object of the study is the international legal framework for international military cooperation of the Russian Federation. The subject of the work is the knowledge of the current state and trends in the development of the legal foundations of international military cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states. The purpose of the article is to study the legal foundations of international military cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign states in the domestic circuit. To conduct the research and comprehensively disclose its subject, the article uses systematic and integrated approaches, comparative legal and doctrinal principles of research, as well as current developments in the field of modern theory of military activity of the state. The research methods are modern techniques and methods of cognition of the phenomena of legal reality in their social, natural, value-semantic and meaningful determination (analysis, synthesis, deduction, generalization, classification). The paper examines the essential aspects of the legal foundations and the importance of international military cooperation of the Russian Federation, gives a brief description of the military-political, military-technical and military-economic cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries in the context of the functioning of new challenges and threats, as well as illegal sanctions pressure on the country. The main normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice regulating the issues under consideration are presented. The position on the current state of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of military education and military medicine is argued. The importance of developing modern and adequate approaches to the construction of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of planning, organization and implementation of international military cooperation in all its variety of types and forms is reflected.

The relationship between the development of the economy, especially its innovate branches and industry, with the state of measurements, including the level of its uniformity and accuracy, seems obvious. However, for the scientifically based planning of the development of the national measurement system it is necessary to have the numerical data about the relationship between the level of economic development and the parameters of the used fleet of measuring instruments. In this regard, numerous studies were performed by the Russian and foreign scientists, which, however, were fragmentary and did not allow to establish quantitative rules of the relationship between metrology and economics to the required extent. One of the reasons of this situation was the lack of reliable data about the properties and number of measurement means and absence of methods of obtaining such data. The creation of the Federal State Information System “Arshin” and the adoption of relevant regulatory legal acts in the field of ensuring of the uniformity of measurements made it possible in 2021 for the first time to obtain the most complete data on the verifications of measuring instruments applied in the field of state regulation of the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation, which number reached more than 90 million records. On the basis of the analysis of this data the model of circulation of the measuring instruments in the sphere of state regulation of the assurance of uniformity of measurements in Russian Federation was designed, and the method of the evaluation of the number of measuring instruments operated in this sphere was elaborated. It is based on the processing of the data about the number of the verification acts of the measuring instruments and its distribution by the interverification interval. It was shown that the upper appraisal of the total number of the measuring instruments has been obtained as a sum of the numbers of the measuring instruments for each interverification interval, which numbers were obtained by multiplying the number of the measuring instruments for each interverification interval in 2021 by the value of the certain interval. An assessment of the influence of factors causing the uncertainty of the number of measuring instruments was carried out. The of the number of measuring instruments used in the sphere of state regulation in the Russian Federation in 2021 was estimated as (420±16) million units. The calculated values of the number of measuring instruments volume are scientifically proved and can be applied in the annual report to the Government of the Russian Federation “On the state of work in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation”, as well as transmitted to the Federal State Statistics Service. It is reasonable to use it for the elaboration the documents of strategic planning of the development of the system of the ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the Russian Federation.

The subject of this research is the problems of instilling culture of interethnic communication among future physicians in sociocultural environment of a Russian medical university. Special attention is given to nurturing culture of interethnic communication among students in the process of developing general cultural competencies within the framework of academic and extracurricular activity. The key obstacle in realization of social procurement by higher education institutions aimed at instilling the culture of interconfessional communication among university students lies in the absence of holistic concepts for solving this complicated pedagogical problem, which would meet the modern requirements and sociocultural conditions. Therefore, there is a need for theoretical analysis of the established pedagogical practice in higher education institutions of the Russian Federation, development  of science-based approaches towards constructive generalization of knowledge on nurturing the culture of interconfessional communication alongside the concept of nurturing the culture of Interconfessional communication among students of higher education institutions of the Russian Federation, and the  model for its implementation. The relevance of the problem of instilling culture of interethnic communication among students of medical universities at the current stage of the development of higher medical education is substantiated by legislative requirements to youth upbringing in the Russian Federation and Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education. The novelty of this article consists in mainstreaming the need for nurturing the culture of interethnic communication among the students of Russian universities, which merits special attention.