Abstract
Abstract Formulas for estimating the specific chemical en-thalpy, β° and the specific chemical exergy, e °, of a structurally complicated material have been developed by adopting the concepts of the dead (or reference) state and the additivity of the properties of constituents in the material. These formulas contain terms for the specific chemical enthalpies and exergies of nine elements, namely, C, H, O, N, S, F, CI, Br, and I. The formulas can estimate with sufficient accuracy the specific chemical enthalpies and exergies of solid fuel, liquid fuel, biomass, and waste material, and are useful for analyses and syntheses of energy resources conversion processes based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
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