Entropy generation analysis on MHD flow of second-grade hybrid nanofluid over a porous channel with thermal radiation

Abstract

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the Jeffery-Hamel model and entropy generation on the thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamic flow of second-grade hybrid nanofluid between convergence and divergence channels in stretching and shrinking walls. We used blood as the base fluid and Cu and Fe3O4 as the nanoparticles in our model. The highly coupled nonlinear Partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations with the help of self-similarities transformation and solved using MATLAB solver by using the Bvp4c shooting technique. The Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is compared to the Numerical Method (NM), and the results are reliable. The influences of velocity, temperature, entropy generation, and the Bejan number on nondimensional parameters like a magnetic field, the Reynolds number, thermal radiation, Deborah number, magnetic field, and the Brinkman number are discussed through graphs. The skin friction coefficients and heat transfer are also studied and portrayed as graphs and tables. The effect of a magnetic field on the velocity of stretching and shrinking through converging and diverging channels. When increasing the magnetic field, the velocity profile increases. As magnetic field values increase, the temperature profile decreases with the stretching and shrinking of converging channels. Also, the opposite behavior of stretching and shrinking for diverging channels is observed. As the Deborah number grows, the velocity reduces for the converging channel in the stretching and shrinking of the walls. It is observed that the opposite nature of the diverging channel occurs in the stretching and shrinking of the walls. In this model, biomedical applications in surgical procedures, nano-mediated atherosclerosis treatment, and several diseases with drug delivery systems.