Abstract
In this article, optimized energy-storage density obtained at low electric field and accompanied with high efficiencies was achieved simultaneously by donor-doping Nb5+ into 0.65(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.35SrTiO3 system. The donor addition of Nb5+ may force Ti4+ to become Ti3+ due to the imbalance of ion valence after the Nb5+ substitution of Ti4+, leading to the formation of Ti3+-Nb5+ ion pair. The self-built electric field generated by Ti3+-Nb5+ ion pair is conducive to obtain slim P-E loops with high P max and negligible P r. Accordingly, a high recoverable energy densities of 1.04 J/cm3 with a high energy efficiencies of 86.7% was achieved under 82 kV/cm at x = 0.25 mol.% due to the enhanced E b and P max-Pr values. This work provides a promising approach for designing high-performance lead-free energy storage ceramics under low electric fields.
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