Abstract
Ocular infections are widespread and they exert heavy burden on eye health. Virtually, any eye component can be infected by a diversity of bacteria. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of external ocular bacterial infections and to find out antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates at eye care hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. Two hundred and four corneal scrape and drained pus materials were received from infected eyes with clinical diagnoses of bacterial conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharo-conjunctivitis, blepharitis, dacryo-cystitis and eye abscess. Culture, microscopy with Gram’s stain of both samples, bacterial colonies and biochemical tests were carried out. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test and standard table of antibiotic susceptibility was performed. Out of 204 samples processed, 130 (63.7%) yielded bacterial growth. The most prevalent bacterial eye infection was conjunctivitis (59.2%). Of all the isolates, 75 (57.7%) were Gram’s positive and 55 (42.3%) were Gram’s negative. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent, 39 (30%) followed by Streptococcus pneumonia 31 (23.8%), Haemophilus influenzae 22 (16.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13 (10%) and Neisseria gonorrheae 10 (7.7%). Gram positive bacteria were highly sensitive to vancomycin (95%), followed by chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin (91%) and ceftriaxone (84%), while the majority were resistant to penicillin (72%). Gram-negative organisms were highly susceptible to amikacin (92.7%) followed by ceftriaxone (87.3%) and ciprofloxacin (78.2%). Major resistance was towards cotrimoxazole (82%) and ampicillin (73%). Key words: External ocular bacterial infections, bacterial isolate, antibiotic susceptibility, normal flora, pathogenic bacteria.
Highlights
Eye is protected by epithelia and mucous membranes which both serve as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers against pathogens (Bolaños-Jiménez et al, 2015)
The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of external ocular bacterial infections and to find out antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates at eye care hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan
This study showed limited isolates of enteric bacteria (5%) which is comparable to the finding of another study (Tesfaye et al, 2013) and contrary to those of other ones (Esenwah, 2005; Anagaw et al, 2011)
Summary
Eye is protected by epithelia and mucous membranes which both serve as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers against pathogens (Bolaños-Jiménez et al, 2015). Micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, unicellular parasites and fungi as well as multicellular parasites are capable of attacking both the surface and the interior of the eye giving rise to ocular diseases This is the outcome of the interplay between invading organism’s strong virulence factors and the host’s depressed resistance. Dacryoadenitis is a related condition in which there is inflammation and infection of the lacrimal gland It can be caused by a variety of bacterial agents including S. aureus, Neisseria gonorrheae and streptococci. It causes pain, redness, swelling, tearing and discharge over the lacrimal gland (the lateral one-third of the upper eyelid) (Brissette et al, 2011).
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