Abstract
In vitro cell culture models are emerging as promising tools to understand human development, disease progression, and provide reliable, rapid and cost-effective results for drug discovery and screening. In recent years, an increasing number of in vitro models with complex organization and controlled microenvironment have been developed to mimic the in vivo organ structure and function. The invention of organoids, self-organized organ-like cell aggregates that originate from multipotent stem cells, has allowed a whole new level of biomimicry to be achieved. Microfluidic organoid-on-a-chip platforms can facilitate better nutrient and gas exchange and recapitulate 3D tissue architecture and physiology. They have the potential to transform the landscape of drug development and testing. In this review, we discuss the challenges in the current organoid models and describe the recent progress in the field of organoid-on-a-chip.
Highlights
Organoids are a new type of 3D culture models that have emerged in recent years
The organoid model can be scaled-up for high throughput testing at a lower cost with fewer ethical concerns
In 3D organoid models, as organoids increase in size and volume, the core becomes distant from the surface in contact with the fresh medium
Summary
Organoids are a new type of 3D culture models that have emerged in recent years They are essentially miniaturized organs generated from stem cells in vitro. (3) Air-liquid interface (ALI) method [9,10] In this of the four major reprogramming factors, Oct, Sox, Klf, and c‐Myc. In this of the four major reprogramming factors, Oct, Sox, Klf, and c‐Myc These induced pluripotent Mstiecrmomaccehlinlses(2i0P1S9C, 1s0), 1f6o5rm EBs, as an intermediate stage and develop to organoids [4]. Problem 3: Lack of standardized organoids (Figure 1c)—Current organoid technology has limited uniformity and reproducibility, making it difficult to be used for toxicity screening or high-throughput testing [4,28] This is due to inadequate engineering of the cellular microenvironment and the extra-cellular matrix (ECM). The differences in the size, shape and cell numbers and their relative arrangement within each organoid leads to difficulties in normalizing the pharmacokinetics profile of drug candidates
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