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Abstract
The offshore wind farms are gaining momentum due to their promise to offer sustainable energy with low pollution and greenhouse gas emission. However, despite all the immense technological progress of recent years, the operation in a harsh and hard-to-reach environment remains challenging. According to the reports, each offshore wind turbine requires five maintenance visits a year on average, and the cumulative repair costs constitute around 30% of the turbine’s life-cycle expenditure. Motivated by the advancement of massive machine-type connectivity (mMTC) and satellite technologies, in this study, we investigate the potential of these to enable remote monitoring of the offshore wind farms. Specifically, the two alternative architectures are considered. The indirect architecture relies on using a local mMTC gateway (GW) with a backbone over a reliable communication channel (e.g., satellite or wire-based). The direct approach implies the transmission of the data by sensors on the wind turbines directly to the mMTC GW on the low-Earth-orbit satellite. The details of the system design, the alternative implementation strategies, and relevant pros, cons, and tradeoffs are pin-pointed. Finally, we employ simulations using realistic deployment and traffic and advanced propagation and collision models to characterize these two approaches’ feasibility and packet delivery probability numerically when implemented over LoRaWAN mMTC technology.
Highlights
The statistics [1] reveal that wind and hydropower accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources in the EU
The recent laboratory tests and outdoor experiments reveal that massive machinetype connectivity (mMTC)-based Long Range (LoRa) technology has high immunity against the Doppler effect for satellite communication with the orbital altitude of 550 km [24]
One can see that for LOS, the PSNR stays above 99.9% for all the spreading factor (SF), while for NLOS PSNR experiences strong fluctuations and vastly decreases with the increase of the distance
Summary
The recent decade has steered the focus of academia and industry towards enabling and supporting sustainable development and CO2 emissions reduction. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) declared by the United Nations stress the need for novel resource-efficient solutions to fight climate change and environmental degradation. The European Green Deal drives the development of a sustainable economy, cutting the pollution and greenhouse gases, with the ultimate goal of making Europe climate neutral by 2050. The use of renewable energy sources (e.g., thermal, photovoltaics/sunlight, and the kinetic energy of wind and water) is commonly seen as the way to go. The statistics [1] reveal that wind and hydropower accounted for two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources in the EU. The cumulative capacity of the wind power generators already installed
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