Electromagnetic stimulation in diaphragm dysfunction: repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation as a method of choice during the rehabilitation period after stroke. (Literature review)

Abstract

Listen

Translate article

To perform a review and comparison of modern methods of electromagnetic stimulation of the diaphragm; to determine the role of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) in the diaphragm dysfunction as a result of stroke. An analysis of publications from the Pubmed and Elibrary databases for 2008-2024 years was conducted. The search was done by the following keywords: diaphragm dysfunction, repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation of phrenic nerve, stroke, hemiparesis. There is a real possibility of effective diaphragm stimulation for recovery of its function due to the innervation of the diaphragm strictly by the phrenic nerves, their large diameter, presence of myelinated fibers as well as anatomical location of the phrenic nerves. Direct electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve is usually applied in the case of long-term continuous support of respiratory function. Non-invasive techniques of electric or magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve or directly of the diaphragmatic muscle are used in the case of temporary respiratory support or recovery of diaphragm function. The motor neurons of the brain and peripheral nerves are activated, thus a peak strength of the variable magnetic field usually reachs 1-2 T in rPMS. Application of rPMS affects the efferent nerve fibers, causing muscle contractions, and activates sensory afferent fibers, creating a stimulating effect on the superjacent nervous structures. It is advisable to use rPMS of the phrenic nerve in the cervical segment or rPMS of one of the segments of the diaphragmatic muscle in the case of unilateral diaphragm lesion during the recovery period after stroke. It is important to consider the frequency of exposure in the 10-30 Hz range, the closest location of the coil to the stimulation area, the choice of the coil shape depending on the localization when adjusting parameters of rPMS. The use of rPMS of the phrenic nerve and diaphragm allows to preserve and recover motor and contractile functions of the diaphragm in different pathological conditions, including its unilateral lesion as a result of stroke. The method of rPMS of the phrenic nerves has a number of advantages over electric stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, since it allows to achieve an effective motor response with less intensity of exposure, is painless and non-contact, better tolerated by patients.