Electric Vehicle Penetrated Distributed Generators in Isolated Smart Grid for Frequency Regulation

Abstract

This paper presents the fluctuations in frequency due to renewable sources in distributed energy generators (DG) along with penetration of the electric vehicles (EV). The frequency oscillations occur to the already available power system due to energy sources such as photo-voltaic (PV), aqua-electrolyzer (AE), fuel-cell (FC), wind turbine generator (WTG), diesel engine generator (DEG), battery energy storage system (BESS). In addition to this, large scale integration of EV to the power grid for either charging or discharging impacts stability, frequency deviation or power mismatch. EV acts as an energy storage system which not only acts as the load but also as source. The controlling and interactions between these sources constitutes a smart grid. The variation of supply frequency and its stability along with its control when the load changes called as load frequency control (EEC). In this paper, two area system has been studied which constitute DG and EV. An aggregate model of EV is used in both the areas. Proportional Integral (PI), proportional integral derivative (PID) and Tilt-Integral Derivative (TID) controllers are compared under step load variation and random load variation are used as controller. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is implemented to find the control variables. Communication delay effect is also taken into consideration for the isolated grid and the proposed system is verified in MATLAB/Simulink environment.