El movimiento social nicaragüense por la defensa de la tierra, el agua y la soberanía

In this thesis I describe and analyze the development of teacher education in Albania from the 1830s, known as the <i>Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare</i>* (National Awakening) period, all the way to the present This focus is highlighted against the general background of Albanian politics and education as a whole. I investigate the historical, social and political factors influencing the development of teacher education, its structure, changes in the teacher education curriculum to respond to the changing political contexts, as well as changes of the status of teachers in different periods. <br><br>I show that education, status and supply of teachers is a very useful litmus paper issue which reflects almost every tension and problem besetting the Albanian state over the past century or more such as its economic poverty, its cultural and political marginality, its problems of geographical, religious and linguistic division, its uncertain borders and exposure to foreign exploitation. My ambition and determination is to place Albania within a powerful west European tradition. <br><br>The thesis is divided into three sections; The <i>first section</i> examines the literature relating to developments in teacher education in other countries as well as the underpinning issues. I introduce six guiding concepts developed from the literature with regard to: <br><br> <i>Firstly</i>, the development of teacher education in Albania influenced by the changing nature of the political and social control and influence, <i>secondly</i>, the importance of social, economic and political factors in forming societal perceptions of teacher status, <i>thirdly</i>, the evolution of teacher education, <i>fourthly</i>, the emergence of pre-communist ideas once the political control and influence loosened, <i>fifthly</i>, the influence of global developments on the content of teacher education, <i>sixthly</i>, the involvement of a wider number of interest groups in debates around the nature and quality of teacher education. <br><br> <i>The second section</i> describes the development of teacher education in Albania from the period of the <i>Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare</i> (1830) to the present. I examine these developments as they relate to the historical and political developments at a given period. Reference is made with regard to important individuals who exercised their influence on developments on teacher education. I also point to the breaks and ruptures that take place due to the political and historical factors. This section also considers the increasing public expectations of teacher education. <br><br><i>In the third section</i> I return to the six original guiding concepts and discuss the key findings in relation to the importance of historical, political social and economic factors that have influenced the development of teacher education in Albania; the stages of these developments and their nature; the social perceptions of teacher education and teacher status; the development of teacher education in Albania versus global developments and public expectations about the quality and nature of teacher education. Finally I provide conclusions drawn from the analysis. <br><br>The thesis makes an important contribution to knowledge in providing: <br>a) A public written account, which constitutes the only coherent and solidly based work in English on Albanian teacher education on a national and international scale.<br>b) Analysis of teacher education as a political process more sharply evident in Albania than in most countries because of the sudden and radical character of successive political changes and the exposure of the system to external forces.<br>Within that analysis there is clear evidence that changes in teacher education were a local variant of changes compared to other Central and Eastern European countries in the decades after 1945. However, the thesis makes it evident that strong European tradition remained alive during decades and has become influential even today.

Why does the informal sector of end-of-life vehicle treatment thrive? A case study of China and lessons for developing countries in motorization process

In recent years, continuous awareness has increased on the need to empower rural women to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of rural women empowerment in the analysis of social and economic factors and cultural obstacles influencing local communities’ development. The study population consisted of rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 384 of whom were selected by stratified random sampling method according to Krejcie and Morgan’s sample determination table. A questionnaire was used as research instrument. Data analysis was done by SPSS24 and AMOS22 softwares. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as social participation, social protection and economic factors, and the dependent variable of local communities’ development, and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural obstacles and the dependent variable of local communities’ development. Also, based on the results of the mediation structural model, it was found that rural women’s empowerment variable had a mediation role on the relationship between social and economic factors and cultural obstacles, and local communities’ development

This article describes survey results from child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) fellowship program directors regarding attitudes of their programs' capacity to effectively educate fellows on the social determinants of mental health and program directors' perceived importance of doing so. A survey asking about six topics within the social determinants of mental health was disseminated to all CAP program directors with email addresses found in the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) (n = 134). Data were exported using the Qualtrics survey platform. Fifty-three program directors (40%) responded to the survey. Overall, 98% of program directors felt education on the social determinants of mental health was "essential" for fellowship training, but there were significant differences in perceived relative importance and effectiveness of education provided across topics. Familial factors were rated as significantly more important than structural, historical, and economic factors. Structural and historical factors were viewed as being taught less effectively than other factors. Educational, structural, and historical factors and neighborhood factors were allotted significantly less instructional time than familial factors. While there is near-universal consensus that social determinants of mental health education are critical for fellowship training, program directors feel that social determinants of mental health topics differ in importance and are taught at varying levels of effectiveness. These findings highlight the need for intra-institutional and or inter-institutional collaboration for social determinants of mental health educational content development if CAP programs are to prepare trainees to best serve their most vulnerable patients.

In 2022, the increased utilization of electric vehicles (EVs) curtailed global carbon dioxide emissions by 13 gigatons. While EV ownership has been on the rise in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), accounting for approximately 1.3% of passenger car vehicles in 2022, it has not yet attained a level of economic feasibility compared to petroleum vehicles. The authors examined consumers’ opinions in the UAE toward adopting EVs for light-duty transport from the economic and geographic perspectives. The main research question was the following: to what extent do economic and geographic factors affect consumers’ opinions toward adopting EVs in the UAE? The objectives were to determine if a relationship exists between economic factors, such as saving money on petroleum, the cost of car maintenance, the cost of purchase, and income level, and geographic factors, including 14 cities across the seven Emirates that affect consumers’ opinions toward adopting EVs. We designed a survey that was distributed to a sample of 5459 respondents to examine this relationship. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as PyData analytical techniques complemented by the application of data visualization tools such as Seaborn, Plotly, and Matplotlib were employed to examine the dataset. The findings demonstrated that respondents across all income levels have a positive outlook regarding the appeal of EVs for saving money on petroleum, while their interest in saving money on car maintenance and the initial cost of purchase became more pronounced in the higher income levels. Moreover, there were variations in preferences in highly populated Emirates (e.g., Dubai and Abu Dhabi) compared to Emirates with lower populations (e.g., Ras Al Khaimah and Umm al Quwain), confirming that much more emphasis is required to promote EVs in rural areas. When comparing multiple income groups to determine the impact of different factors, the ANOVA confirmed the prevailing patterns evident in the associations.

INFLUENCE OF THE SAND PRODUCTION ON THE WELL DRAINAGE AREA

Air pollution will make the city environment unhealthy and can interfere with human health, therefore one must strive to not increase air pollution. One way to reduce air pollution in cities is to reduce carbon emissions and build Green Open Spaces (GOS). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to create a model for distribution of motor vehicle exhaust emissions in the city of Pekanbaru. Air pollution at a certain level can be a combination of one or more pollutants, either in the form of solids, liquids or incoming gases dispersed into the air and then spread to the surrounding environment. Further analysis of environmental factors in the form of socio-cultural, economic and ecological factors are explored in this study. Other important environmental parameters in pollutant studies are ecological factors as well. While the economic factors in question is the willingness to pay, it shows the minimum cost needed to anticipate the amount of exhaust emissions caused by motorized vehicles and calculate the economic value associated with public health. The emission of gas produced by each vehicle is below the predetermined standard quality threshold, namely LH Regulation No. 12 of 2010. Although the measurement results in Table 1 do not exceed ambient air quality standards, but the increase in a trend that can cause air quality deterioration was detected. The components in these two strategies need to get more emphasis and attention so that the existence of charcoal trading business can be sustainable. The results obtained from this study are a model of exhaust gas distribution in the form of gas emission distribution contours supported by ecological data (E), economics (E) and socio-cultural (S), especially in creating recommendation models in policy making both in the form of laws, government regulations or regional regulations, which is the simplest prerequisite for motor vehicle owners when the vehicle registration is extended. This model is better known as the E2S + H model.

The flows of international capital are determined by a variety of factors. Among them, there are both realistic and historical factors, both economic and non-economic factors. This paper mainly explores the causes of international capital flows from economic factors. The first part mainly discusses the related concepts and classifications of international capital flows. The second part presents the main findings at home and abroad. The third part summarizes the main influencing factors of international capital flows based on the theoretical results. Finally, taking the reality of China’s direct capital investment as an example, the paper empirically analyzes the factors affecting international capital flows.

Family has always been one of the strongest institutions in the African American community. However, over the past 30 years, massive changes have occurred within the structure of African American families, resulting in many fathers living apart from their children. Applying the basic tenets of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Michelle Alexander's notion of Racialized "Game Changing," this article examines the social, political, and economic factors that have worked to undermine normative Black fatherhood involvement and family formation patterns over time. Two of the major arguments—the slavery argument and the cultural argument—offered in the empirical research literature in an attempt to explain the shifts that have occurred within Black families historically are also examined, followed by an in-depth discussion and analysis of factors that underlie the changes in Black family structure and formation over time. The article concludes with a set of policy recommendations for strengthening Black fatherhood and family formation in the 21st century.

ABSTRACTFamily has always been one of the strongest institutions in the African American community. However, over the past 30 years, massive changes have occurred within the structure of African American families, resulting in many fathers living apart from their children. Applying the basic tenets of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Michelle Alexander’s notion of Racialized “Game Changing,” this article examines the social, political, and economic factors that have worked to undermine normative Black fatherhood involvement and family formation patterns over time. Two of the major arguments—the slavery argument and the cultural argument—offered in the empirical research literature in an attempt to explain the shifts that have occurred within Black families historically are also examined, followed by an in-depth discussion and analysis of factors that underlie the changes in Black family structure and formation over time. The article concludes with a set of policy recommendations for strengthening Black fatherhood and family formation in the 21st century.

The article analyses the role of health, political and economic factors in governments' responses to COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern and Western Europe. It relies on survival analysis to test differences in timing of lockdowns and mixed effects models to unpack the determinants of the severity of restrictions. The results show that responses were correlated with health system capacities during the first wave, with Eastern European countries introducing restrictions early in epidemiological terms. As political and economic considerations took primacy in governments' responses, the socio-economically weaker countries in the East relaxed their restrictions sooner and were less likely to re-impose them compared to the West.

Research on the patterns of international student mobility and the dynamics shaping these patterns has been dominated by studies reflecting a Western orientation, discourse, and understanding. Considering political, economic, cultural, historical, and ecological factors, this study argues that international student mobility is not only an issue of the economically developed, politically stable, and academically advanced Western world but also one that involves countries with different economic, political, and academic characteristics. Taking into account various theoretical orientations, this study argues that political, economic, cultural, and historical factors have led to the emergence of non-traditional destinations for international students; these countries are labeled as emergent regional hubs. In order to empirically test this, a social network analysis was conducted on a worldwide dataset representing 229 countries. The findings evidenced the strong position of traditional destinations for international students. However, the results also suggest the rise of several regional hubs, which are undergoing internationalization processes in different forms and with different rationales. The mobility patterns in emerging regional hubs deviate from those in traditional destinations, which fundamentally change the nature of internationalization in this context.

The Economy and Suicide.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate analysis of market volatility and economic factors in emerging markets. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Findings indicated that economic indicators played a significant role in influencing market volatility, with higher inflation rates and currency fluctuations contributing to increased market uncertainty. These empirical observations provided valuable insights for investors, policymakers, and financial institutions to navigate the complexities of emerging markets and make informed decisions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Efficient Market Hypothesis Theory, Portfolio and Financial Contagion Theory may be used to anchor future studies on analysis of market volatility and economic factors in emerging markets. Stakeholder should translate theoretical insights into practical tools, researchers can contribute to informed decision-making, risk management, and market stability. Researchers should collaborate with governmental and international organizations to identify regulatory gaps and propose measures to enhance market resilience.

The book discusses the methodological and organizational problems of conducting an effective accounting in the government and public sector. The author propose to solve tasks for the improvement of complex, treating them in the unity of economic, historical, political, social and psychological factors. For the first time systematized knowledge of accounting theory about the organizational forms. A chronology of the development of forms of computer account in the conditions of development of mechanization and ACS. The author designated a criterion efficiency of the organization of government accounting at the local government level. It analyzes the concept of the Federal Treasury as centralized accounts department for federal agencies and authorities, under conditions of use state integrated information system &amp;#34;Electronic Budget&amp;#34;. The method of calculation of economic and non-economic effects of the use of insourcing at the organization of government accounting at the public legal institution. For the first time systematized and expanded classification of information systems for accounting in the government and public sector. The author suggested the use of the possibility of centralized accounts department for improving state and municipal government, including the organization of effective control. The author offers criteria for an &amp;#34;ideal system&amp;#34; account. Described target indicators and metrics for effective software solutions. Formalized requirements for IT projects. The book is intended for specialists in the field of economics and management, studying problems of organization and automation of modern government accounting in the government and local authorities, as well as for teachers of economic disciplines, graduate students and students of economic and IT professions.