Abstract
Oral tumours are the sixth most incessant infection with high mortality and morbidity rates in human beings and they pose a serious threat worldwide owing to their soaring case-fatality rate and metastatic characteristics of spreading to other parts of the body. Nanomaterials as of late have become indispensable components for biosensor platforms due to their fantastic mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Specific emphasis is laid in this review on electrochemical biosensors working at the molecular levels, which can be classified into mainly three groups i.e., DNA biosensors, RNA biosensors, and protein biosensors as indicated by the type of the analytes. The carbon-based and non-carbon-based nanomaterials utilizing electrochemical procedures for recognizing oral cancer biomarkers are also reviewed. An extensive review has been made to cover ongoing advancements in the field of nanomaterials based as electrochemical biosensors. This study mostly sums up the significant electrochemical methods, the ongoing advancements of electrochemical technique-based biosensor frameworks for the discovery of oral cancer biomarkers. This effort aims to provide the reader with a concise view of new advances in areas on oral cancer biomarkers for electrochemical signal amplification and the innovative electroanalytical techniques which have been utilized in the miniaturization and integration of the sensors.
Highlights
Cancer disease is a major public medical issue in many other parts of the world
Oral tumours are the sixth most incessant infection with high mortality and morbidity rates in human beings and they pose a serious threat worldwide owing to their soaring case-fatality rate and metastatic characteristics of spreading to other parts of the body
Carbon nanomaterials and non-carbon nanomaterials became essential elements for biosensor platforms during the last decade due to their various excellent properties like low density, large surface area, high electrical conductivity, high solubility, thermal and chemical stability, etc and it is expected that novel functionalization will expand their application possibilities
Summary
Cancer disease is a major public medical issue in many other parts of the world. Cancer is a complex disease depicted by the abnormal growth of cells achieved by a couple of epigenetic changes inciting uncontrolled extension, partition, and assault to near tissues, which further metastasize to undeniable objections or organs, making basic morbidity and mortality [1]. Recent results have shown both cell-free mRNAs and proteins in saliva present diagnostic values for oral cancer and other systemic diseases [29]. Several oral cancers related biomarkers are found in plasma and blood samples, but salivary biomarkers are gaining much attention because saliva can be collected from the sites very close to the oral tumours which makes saliva a more specific and sensitive tool [34,35] Saliva is such a valuable biological fluid that can be used as a biomarker for various diagnostic applications. The IL-1β plays a major role in the defence mechanism and regulation of immune responses It is used as a biomarker in the human lung, colon, breast, oral carcinoma, and skin melanoma.
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